Green myths on global warming - Debunked
by The Association of British Drivers
1. Planet earth is currently undergoing global warming
Accurate and representative temperature measurements from satellites and balloons show that the planet has cooled significantly in the last two or three years, losing in only 18 months 15% of the claimed warming which took over 100 years to appear — that warming was only one degree fahrenheit (half of one degree Celsius) anyway, and part of this is a systematic error from groundstation readings which are inflated due to the 'urban heat island effect' i.e. local heat retention due to urban sprawl, not global warming...and it is these, 'false high' ground readings which are then programmed into the disreputable climate models, which live up to the GIGO acronym — garbage in, garbage out.
2. Even slight temperature rises are disastrous, ice caps will melt, people will die
In the UK, every mild winter saves 20,000 cold-related deaths, and scaled up over northern Europe mild winters save hundreds of thousands of lives each year, also parts of ice caps are melting yet other parts are thickening but this isn't reported as much (home experiment: put some water in a jug or bowl, add a layer of ice cubes and mark the level — wait until the ice has melted and look again, the level will have fallen). Data from ice core samples shows that in the past, temperatures have risen by ten times the current rise, and fallen again, in the space of a human lifetime.
3. Carbon Dioxide levels in our atmosphere at the moment are unprecedented (high).
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, currently only 350 parts per million have been over 18 times higher in the past at a time when cars, factories and power stations did not exist — levels rise and fall without mankind's help.
4. Mankind is pumping out carbon dioxide at a prodigious rate.
96.5% of all carbon dioxide emissions are from natural sources, mankind is responsible for only 3.5%, with 0.6% coming from fuel to move vehicles, and about 1% from fuel to heat buildings. Yet vehicle fuel (petrol) is taxed at 300% while fuel to heat buildings is taxed at 5% even though buildings emit nearly twice as much carbon dioxide!
5. Carbon dioxide changes in the atmosphere cause temperature changes on the earth.
A report in the journal 'Science' in January of this year showed using information from ice cores with high time resolution that since the last ice age, every time when the temperature and carbon dioxide levels have shifted, the carbon dioxide change happened AFTER the temperature change, so that man-made global warming theory has put effect before cause - this shows that reducing carbon dioxide emissions is a futile King Canute exercise! What's more, both water vapour and methane are far more powerful greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide but they are ignored. Reducing car use will cut carbon dioxide levels and save the planet
6. The planet does not need saving, but taking this on anyway, removing every car from every road in every country overnight would NOT produce any change in the carbon dioxide level of the atmosphere, as can be seen using the numbers from Fact 4, and in any case it is pointless trying to alter climate by changing carbon dioxide levels as the cause and effect is the other way round — it is changes in the activity of the Sun that cause temperature changes on earth, with any temperature rise causing carbon dioxide to de-gas from the oceans.
7. The recent wet weather and flooding was caused by mankind through 'global warming'
Extreme weather correlates with the cycle of solar activity, not carbon dioxide emissions or political elections, the recent heavy rainfall in winter and spring is a perfect example of this — it occurred at solar maximum at a time when solar maxima are very intense — this pattern may well repeat every 11 years until about 2045.
The climate change levy, petrol duty, CO2 car tax and workplace parking charges are
8. justifiable environmental taxes.
As carbon dioxide emissions from cars and factories does not have any measurable impact on climate, these taxes are 'just another tax' on enterprise and mobility, and have no real green credentials.
9. Scientists on the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issue reports that say 'global warming' is real and that we must do something now.
Scientists draft reports for the IPCC, but the IPCC are bureaucrats appointed by
governments, in fact many scientists who contribute to the reports disagree with the 'spin' that the IPCC and media put on their findings. The latest report suggests that the next 100 years might see a temperature change of 6 Celsius yet a Lead Author for the IPCC (Dr John Christy UAH/NASA) has pointed out that the scenarios with the fastest warming rates were added to the report at a late stage, at
the request of a few governments — in other words the scientists were told what to do by politicians.
10. There are only a tiny handful of maverick scientists who dispute that man-made global warming theory is true.
There are nearly 18,000 signatures from scientists worldwide on a petition called The Oregon Petition which says that there is no evidence for man-made global warming theory nor for any impact from mankind's activities on climate. Many scientists believe that the Kyoto agreement is a total waste of time and one of the
biggest political scams ever perpetrated on the public ... as H L Mencken said "the
fundamental aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed, and hence clamorous to be led to safety, by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary" ... the desire to save the world usually fronts a desire to rule it.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
“The Covenant Curses” (part one)
“The Covenant Curses” (part one)
from Deut. 28:22-24
• WASTING DISEASE / CONSUMPTION (such as tuberculosis)
• FEVER (any disease or sickness with high body temperature)
• INFLAMMATION (redness, pain, heat, and swelling from an injury or disease)
• SCORCHING HEAT / AN EXTREME BURNING
• DROUGHT (prolonged dry weather) / SWORD [KJV]
• BLIGHT / BLASTING (insect or disease that destroys crops)
• MILDEW (fungus)
• ‘BRONZE’ or ‘BRASS’ SKY
• ‘IRON’ GROUND
• DUST INSTEAD OF RAIN
from Deut. 28:22-24
• WASTING DISEASE / CONSUMPTION (such as tuberculosis)
• FEVER (any disease or sickness with high body temperature)
• INFLAMMATION (redness, pain, heat, and swelling from an injury or disease)
• SCORCHING HEAT / AN EXTREME BURNING
• DROUGHT (prolonged dry weather) / SWORD [KJV]
• BLIGHT / BLASTING (insect or disease that destroys crops)
• MILDEW (fungus)
• ‘BRONZE’ or ‘BRASS’ SKY
• ‘IRON’ GROUND
• DUST INSTEAD OF RAIN
The Real Dangers of Soda to You and Your Children
The Real Dangers of Soda to You and Your Children
By Dr. Joseph Mercola with Rachael Droege
How many sodas have you had today? How about your kids? The average American drinks an estimated 56 gallons of soft drinks each year, but before you grab that next can of soda, consider this: one can of soda has about 10 teaspoons of sugar, 150 calories, 30 to 55 mg of caffeine, and is loaded with artificial food colors and sulphites.
This is an alarming amount of sugar, calories and harmful additives in a product that has absolutely no nutritional value. Plus, studies have linked soda to osteoporosis, obesity, tooth decay and heart disease. Despite this, soda accounts for more than one-quarter of all drinks consumed in the United States.
Teenagers and children, who many soft drinks are marketed toward, are among the largest consumers. In the past 10 years, soft drink consumption among children has almost doubled in the United States. Teenage boys now drink, on average, three or more cans of soda per day, and 10 percent drink seven or more cans a day. The average for teenage girls is more than two cans a day, and 10 percent drink more than five cans a day.
While these numbers may sound high, they’re not surprising considering that most school hallways are lined with vending machines that sell, of course, soft drinks. It’s not uncommon for schools to make marketing deals with leading soft drink companies such as Coca-Cola from which they receive commissions--based on a percentage of sales at each school--and sometimes a lump-sum payment.
The revenues are used for various academic and after-school activities, but what activity could be worth devastating the students’ health, which is exactly what consuming all that soda is doing? Getting rid of vending machines in schools--or replacing their contents with pure water and healthy snacks--could make a big difference, as vending machines can increase the consumption of sweetened beverages by up to 50 or more cans of soda per student per year.
Let’s take a look at some of the major components of a can of soda:
• Phosphoric Acid: May interfere with the body's ability to use calcium, which can lead to osteoporosis or softening of the teeth and bones. Phosphoric acid also neutralizes the hydrochloric acid in your stomach, which can interfere with digestion, making it difficult to utilize nutrients.
• Sugar: Soft drink manufacturers are the largest single user of refined sugar in the United States. It is a proven fact that sugar increases insulin levels, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, weight gain, premature aging and many more negative side effects. Most sodas include over 100 percent of the RDA of sugar.
• Aspartame: This chemical is used as a sugar substitute in diet soda. There are over 92 different health side effects associated with aspartame consumption including brain tumors, birth defects, diabetes, emotional disorders and epilispsy/seizures. Further, when aspartame is stored for long periods of time or kept in warm areas it changes to methanol, an alcohol that converts to formaldehyde and formic acid, which are known carcinogens.
• Caffeine: Caffeinated drinks cause jitters, insomnia, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, elevated blood cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral depletion, breast lumps, birth defects, and perhaps some forms of cancer.
• Tap Water: I recommend that everyone avoid drinking tap water because it can carry any number of chemicals including chlorine, trihalomethanes, lead, cadmium, and various organic pollutants. Tap water is the main ingredient in bottled soft drinks.
• Soda is one of the main reasons, nutritionally speaking, why many people suffer health problems. Aside from the negative effects of the soda itself, drinking a lot of soda is likely to leave you with little appetite for vegetables, protein and other food that your body needs.
If you are still drinking soda, stopping the habit is an easy way to improve your health. Pure water is a much better choice. If you must drink a carbonated beverage, try sparkling mineral water.
Water
Also indexed as: Bottled Water, Carbonated Water, Drinking Water, Mineral Water, Seltzer
Serve sparkling water, instead of soft drinks, with a wedge of lemon or lime.
• Varieties
• Buying and storing
• Availability
• Preparation tips
• Nutritional highlights
• Health benefits and concerns
It’s the only beverage that can be consumed in nearly unlimited quantities. Water is the second most important nutrient for life, just after oxygen. More than two-thirds of the human body is made up of water, and the brain is nearly 85 percent water. Our drinking water comes from freshwater lakes, streams, and underground reservoirs.
Varieties
Bottled water comes from a variety of sources. Spring water is the most common. Most is micron filtered and ozonated, and may be treated with reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light as well.
Mineral water contains calcium and other naturally occurring minerals. Distilled water is extremely pure, but the resulting liquid is virtually mineral free and flat tasting. Sparkling water can be naturally occurring, or can be sold as seltzer or club soda. Mineral water may contain high levels of sodium, so check labels.
Here are brief descriptions of common water purification methods used today.
Ultraviolet treatment
Water is exposed to ultraviolet light that destroys biological contaminants and inactivates viruses and bacteria. This treatment is ineffective against organic and inorganic contaminants and does not inactivate giardia (a parasite) cysts.
Carbon filtration
Water is passed through micro-fine carbon filters that absorb or modify contaminants, including some biological and most organic contaminants. Filters don’t catch all viruses or radioactive pollutants, or very tiny parasites.
Reverse osmosis
Water is passed through an ultra-fine membrane under pressure, reducing inorganic contaminants and some radioactive materials. Viruses can remain in the water after reverse osmosis processing.
Distillation
Water is boiled and the resulting steam is captured and cooled into fresh water. Although this method is thought to be the most reliable method for purifying water, it doesn’t remove certain compounds, such as gasoline and petroleum-based solvents.
Buying and storing tips
Buy water in bottles or from machines in most grocery and health food stores. Store in a cool, dark location.
Availability
Water is available year-round.
Preparation, uses, and tips
Serve sparkling water, instead of soft drinks, with a wedge of lemon or lime, or a splash of fruit juice. Filtered or spring water can be used instead of tap water for all cooking uses.
Nutritional Highlights
Water, 1 cup (250mL)
Calories: 0.0
Protein: 0.0g
Carbohydrate: 0.0g
Total Fat: 0.0g
Fiber: 0.0g
Health benefits and concerns
Alzheimer’s disease
Whether aluminum in the diet can cause Alzheimer’s disease remains controversial. A preliminary study found that Alzheimer’s disease patients are more likely to have consumed foods high in aluminum additives (e.g., grain product desserts, American cheese, chocolate pudding or beverages, salt, and chewing gum), compared with people without the disease. Until this issue is resolved, it seems prudent for healthy people to take steps to minimize exposure to this unnecessary and potentially toxic metal. Aluminum is added to some municipal water supplies to prevent the accumulation of particulates. In such areas, bottled water may be preferable. It appears unlikely, however, that avoidance of aluminum exposure after the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease could significantly affect the course of the disease.
Athletic performance
Water is the most abundant substance in the human body and is essential for normal physiological function. Water loss due to sweating during exercise can result in decreased performance and other problems. Fluids should be ingested prior to, during, and after exercise, especially when extreme conditions of climate, exercise intensity, and exercise duration exist. Approximately two glasses of fluid should be consumed two hours before exercise and at regular intervals during exercise; fluid should be cool, not cold (59–72°F, 15–22.2°C).
Electrolyte replacement is not as important as water intake in most athletic endeavors. It usually takes several hours of exercise in warm climates before sodium depletion becomes significant and even longer for potassium, chloride, and magnesium. However, the presence of sodium in fluids will often make it easier to drink as well as to retain more fluid.
Common cold/sore throat
Drinking plenty of fluids is important in maintaining water balance and easily flowing secretions.
Constipation
Adding water to fiber supplementation makes the stool softer and easier to pass through the gastrointestinal tract. At least 16 ounces (500mL) of water per serving of fiber is recommended. Otherwise, a fiber supplement can worsen, rather than improve, constipation.
Goiter
Certain bacteria in drinking water have been shown to predispose to goiter formation. A healthy water supply is likely to be important in the prevention and treatment of goiter.
Halitosis
A reduced saliva flow increases the concentration of bacteria in the mouth and worsens bad breath. Measures that help increase saliva production (such as drinking adequate water) may improve halitosis associated with poor saliva flow.
Heart attack
High levels of magnesium in drinking water have been associated with a low risk of heart attacks.
Kidney stones
Drinking water increases the volume of urine. In the process, substances that form kidney stones are diluted, reducing the risk of kidney stone recurrence. For this reason, people with a history of kidney stones should drink at least two quarts of water per day. It is particularly important that people in hot climates increase their water intake to reduce their risk of kidney stones.
Parasites
When traveling outside the United States in developing countries, people should avoid drinking tap water or beverages with ice from unpurified water sources. These are potential sources of parasitic infection. People should not drink untreated stream water while camping, even in the United States, as it is frequently contaminated with giardia.
Preeclampsia
In preeclampsia, unrestricted use of salt and an increased consumption of water are needed to maintain normal blood volume and circulation to the placenta.
Stroke
Drinking water high in magnesium has been associated with protection from stroke.
Tooth decay (dental caries)
In communities without fluoridated water, doctors often recommend adding fluoride tablets or drops to the drinking water.
Drinking fluoridated water (1 mg fluoride per liter, or “1 part per million”) has led to an estimated 40–60% reduction in dental caries in many cities in the United States and worldwide. While most experts believe water fluoridation to be associated with minimal risk, others disagree. A minority of scientists believes fluoridation to be associated with an unacceptable risk of skeletal damage, including osteoporotic fractures and bone tumors, in exchange for a modest dental benefit. Fluoride has topical action as well as whole body effects, suggesting that those who do not have access to fluoridated water can achieve some benefit with fluoride-containing toothpastes and mouthwashes. The American Dental Association recommends supplementing children in areas without fluoridated water with liquid fluoride drops, but this should be done with the guidance of a dentist.
A recent population survey found blood lead levels were associated with the amount of dental caries in children and adults. The authors estimated that lead exposure is responsible for roughly 10% of dental caries in young Americans. For this and other health reasons, known and potential sources of lead exposure should be avoided. Common sources of lead exposure include water from lead pipes.
Levels of strontium in the water supply have been shown to correlate with the risk of dental caries in communities with similar fluoride levels. Compared to children with fewer cavities, enamel samples from children with high numbers of caries have been found to contain significantly less strontium.
Ingredient challenges:
Caramel Color-Conscious
By Marcia A. Wade, Technical Editor
Processed foods are rife with caramel color, whether it is in children’s cookies, snacks and juices, happy hour beers or in the health bars sold to the nutrition-conscious. The challenge in applying caramel color depends on the specific properties of the applications in which it is used. Caramel color is valued as a natural additive that tints food products to evoke the colors consumers expect to see. For example, cola should be brown, apple juice should be gold and the surface of grilled roasted beef should have an inviting “cooked” hue.
Non-enzymatic caramel color is the brown product created by either the Maillard or caramelization reactions. The Maillard reaction occurs between reducing sugars and amines under various time, pH, heat or pressure conditions. The reaction naturally produces the brown color of roasted and grilled meat, chocolate, soy sauce, coffee and bread.
Caramel colors also are created through thermal decomposition or the caramelization reaction, which occurs in the absence of amines when sugars are heated above 150°C. In the polymerization reaction of caramelization, sugars recombine to form large complex color structures.
The challenges of adding caramel coloring to formulated products are complicated. The ingredient’s solubility is reliant on pH and requires knowledge of the intended product’s isoelectric point and pH. In liquid beverages, precipitation of caramel or flavor solids can occur if care is not taken to understand the food’s chemistry and its interaction with caramel. Depending on the reactants used in the manufacturing of the caramel, four classes of caramel colors are possible, and each class is compatible with different food types.
Class I caramels (or “plain” caramels) do not contain ammonium or sulfite compounds. Like caramels in Classes II and IV, plain caramels have a negative colloidal charge, which makes some of them suitable for use in high-proof alcohol below 75% concentration.
Class II caramels, or those processed with caustic sulphite, have limited food and beverage applications. Alternatively, high-intensity color Class III caramels are created by processing sugars with only ammonia. Some Class III caramels are stable at pH 3, soluble at 20% salt solution, and used to color soups, sauces, beer, malt liquor, canned foods, biscuits, and pastries. Class III or IV caramels are highly dispersible in water and dough, making them well suited for bakery applications.
Class IV caramel colors processed with both sulfur and ammonia to achieve intense color are used in cola beverages and other soft drinks. Caramels used in soft drinks have a negative charge, with an isoelectric point below the pH of the beverage to avoid flocculation/precipitation. (Soft drinks generally have a pH range of 2.5-3.5.)
“Caramel colors are always being used in new ways; for example, as a substitute for cocoa. Since cocoa prices are very high, [to reduce ingredient expenses, manufacturers] use some caramel color in addition to the cocoa and likewise for cinnamon and coffee,” says David Tuescher, technical director of research and development of new materials at a leading caramel color supplier. In cookies, very pleasing dark shades can be achieved by combining caramel color and alkali-processed cocoa.
In addition to its ornamental qualities, caramel color can protect flavors and other ingredients in beverages from deterioration by light, and also acts as an emulsifying agent. It helps reduce the need for gums when diluting soft drink concentrates and flavoring agents.
Although caramel color is sold as a colorant, it does contribute aromas and flavors that add to the sensory qualities of the final product. Tuescher asserts that flavor is very significant to caramel color, which contributes a subtle yet significant “texture” and flavor to a drink. “We sell it as a color,” explains Tuescher, “but there is a flavor constituent. You have to pay attention to flavor when you are developing a product. It could have a positive or negative influence.” By changing from one type of caramel color to another, formulators sometimes can eliminate negative consequences or add others. As an example, Tuescher points to a colorless cola product released years ago that never grew in popularity. The product had a different mouthfeel, due to the loss of viscosity associated with caramel color.
Melanoids, brown pigments and flavor-active compounds formed during the Maillard reaction, contribute off-flavors recognized as bitter or burnt, as well as off-aromas (often described by flavor chemists as burnt, onion, rancid, sweaty or cabbage). On the other hand, the oxygen-accepting Maillard products, melanoid reductones, act as antioxidants and can improve shelflife.
Depending upon the application, melanoidins also contribute appetizing flavors, sensed as “malty,” bread crust-like, caramel, coffee or roasted, and alluring aromas perceived as “bready,” cracker, fine malt.
As ingredient suppliers introduce new Class I caramel colors for use in high salt-soluble products, the realm of applications for caramel color is widening. For example, formulated soy sauce is the most germane recipient. Manufacturers have encountered difficulties retaining a clear product when coloring soy sauce not produced naturally by the slow fermentation process. Caramel color is added to the accelerated soy sauce, but unless it is stable at 20% salt solution, the sauce will be hazy and the caramel will precipitate out. “We have clarity at 20-25% concentration of salt with our particular [caramel] product,” says Tuescher. He adds that this new Class I colorant will allow soy manufacturers to achieve the specific color characteristics they need while maintaining a clear, haze-less product.
Sidebar:
Going Global
Caramel color industry regulations on GMO products in European and Asian countries have caused concern for U.S. caramel color manufacturers. The carbohydrates used in the caramelization process often originate from GMO corn. “GMO should not be an issue for caramel color but, based on current European regulations, it still is an issue,” says Tuescher. However, he argues, all of the corn’s protein, which would contain the GM components, is removed before the caramelization process. Additionally, when the carbohydrate was tested at Tuescher’s company, using the most sensitive level of PCR analysis, less than 10ppb of maize protein was found.
On February 23, 2004, after a series of tests lasting more than 250 days, the Chinese government agreed to allow entry of GMO-altered crops sold by U.S. crop giant Monsanto. Under the new rules, some but not all of Monsanto’s soybeans, cotton and corn products will be available for use in China. “I really doubt that the Chinese action will cause any quick change in the [GMO rules set by the E.U.]. The E.U. situation is not based on science, but on politics driven by the anti-GMO groups,” speculates Tuescher.
“It is not cost effective to have two separate lines, one to make products for Europe and one for the U.S.,” continues Tuescher. “The acceptance of GMO products by China is simply the first step. The lower cost of GMO materials will eventually make them acceptable [in the E.U. also].”
A melon-flavored soft drink by Asahi in Japan contains caramel color, but is bright green. Caramel color commonly is used in many beverages, from the piping hot coffee of Maxim’s (Japan) microwaveable café latte by Ajinomoto General Foods to Grupo Aguila Azteca’s (Mexico) high-energy drink Red Rhino to Lo-Zano’s (Guatemala) apple juice.
Sidebar 2:
Matchmaking: Caramel Compatibility Tests
There is more to caramel color than color. Besides testing color strength and hue with a spectrophotometer, manufacturers need to ascertain many additional properties of their caramel color supply (some are listed below) to assure that flocculation does not occur and that the color intensity will last the life of the product.
• Haze point
• Gel point
• Shelflife or resinification
• Isoelectric point and pH
• Alcohol concentration
• Colloidal charge
Why is phosphoric acid in soda pop?
Vocabulary
acid
acidulant
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid is deliberately added to soft drinks to give them a sharper flavor. It also slows the growth of molds and bacteria, which would otherwise multiply rapidly in the sugary solution.
Almost all of the acidity of soda pop comes from the phosphoric acid and not from the carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2. You can verify this by measuring the pH of fresh and flat soda pop; there's very little difference.
The phosphoric acid is corrosive, but actually the acid concentration in soda pop is lower than that in orange juice or lemonade. Try submerging identical strips of magnesium (or iron staples) in each of these beverages overnight. Which beverage dissolves more metal? Which dissolves the metal fastest?
Fruit juices and drinks are also tart, but they don't use phosphoric acid as a flavor additive. Phosphoric acid would cause many ions present in fruit juices to settle out as insoluble phosphates. These beverages get their tang from citric acid, a substance found in oranges, limes, lemons and grapefruits. Malic acid, found in apples and cherries, is added to many fruit juices. Fumaric acid is used in noncarbonated soft drinks, and tartaric acid gives grape-flavored candies a subtle sour flavor. All of these substances impart only tartness, without overpowering other flavors present.
Reader Comments
Soda pop and the American diet
Americans drink more soft drinks than ever before. These popular beverages account for more than 25% of all drinks consumed in the U. S.
More than 15 billion gallons of soda pop were sold in the U.S. in 2000. This works out to over one 12-ounce bottle per day for every man, woman and child.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, kids are heavy consumers of soda pop, and they are guzzling those soft drinks at unprecedented rates.
As soda pop becomes the beverage of choice among the nation's youth, and as soda marketers focus on brand-building among ever-younger consumers, we are all faced with nagging questions:
How healthful are these drinks, which provide a lot of sugars, calories and caffeine but no significant nutritional value? And what happens if you drink a lot of them at a very young age?
Soda pop and obesity in youth
One recent independent peer-reviewed study demonstrates a strong link between soda pop consumption and childhood obesity(1).
Explanations of the mechanism through which soda pop may lead to obesity have not been proven yet, although the evidence for them is strong.
Many people have long assumed that soda, high in sugar and calories and low in nutrients, can make children fat. But this study provides solid, scientific evidence demonstrating this.
Reporting in 'The Lancet', a British medical journal, a team of Harvard researchers presented the first evidence linking soda pop consumption to childhood obesity. They found that 12-year-olds who drank soda pop regularly were more likely to be overweight than those who didn't. For each additional daily serving of sugar-sweetened soda pop consumed during the nearly 2-year study, the risk of obesity increased 1.6 times.(1)
Obesity experts called the Harvard study findings important and praised the study for being prospective. The Harvard researchers spent 19 months following the children, rather than just capturing a snapshot of data from only a single day. It is considered statistically more significant to conduct a study over a long period of time.
Soda pop and tooth decay
Tooth decay is one detrimental health effect of soda pop which even the soft drink industry admits to. In a carefully worded statement, the National Soft Drink Association claims that "there is no scientific evidence that consumption of sugars in soft drinks per se has any negative effect other than dental caries."
Soda pop and bone weakening
The active ingredient in most soda pop is phosphoric acid. The pH of most soda pop is 2.8, which is very acidic. As we discuss in detail in the body PH page, you want your diet to ALKALIZE your body, and ingesting a highly acidic drink like soda pop does the opposite and is very detrimental to your health. Phosphoric acid also leaches calcium from bones and is a major contributor to the rising increase in osteoporosis.
Animal studies show that phosphoric acid, a common ingredient in soda pop, can deplete bones of calcium.
And recent human studies suggest that girls who drink more soda pop are more prone to broken bones. The soft drink industry denies that soda plays a role in bone weakening.
Animal studies, mostly involving rats, point to consistent and clear bone loss with the use of soda pop drinks. But as scientists like to point out, rats and humans are not exactly the same.
Phosphorus, which occurs naturally in some foods and is used as an additive in many others, appears to promote the loss of calcium, thus weakening bones. With less calcium available, the bones become more porous and prone to fracture. There is growing concern that even a few cans of soda pop per day can be damaging when they are consumed during the critical bone-building years of adolescence and childhood.
What happens when these soda pop-drinking individuals become middle-aged adults and they end up with osteoporosis and obesity?
By that time, switching to water, fruit or vegetable juices may be too little too late.
References
(1) Washington Post February 27, 2001; Page HE10
Saliva PH test
The Saliva PH test is a simple test you can do to measure your susceptibility to cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, and many other degenerative diseases.
How to Perform the Saliva pH Test
First, you must wait at least 2 hours after eating. Fill your mouth with saliva and then swallow it. Repeat this step to help ensure that your saliva is clean. Then the third time, put some of your saliva onto the pH paper.
The pH paper should turn blue. This indicates that your saliva is slightly alkaline at a healthy pH of 7.4. If it is not blue, compare the color with the chart that comes with the pH paper. If your saliva is acid (below pH of 7.0) wait two hours and repeat the test.
Where to Get pH Paper
Some health food stores and pharmacies stock pH paper. What you are looking for is narrow range pH paper measuring pH 4.5 to 7.5 or pH 4.5 to 8.5. These pH strips to measure acid/alkaline balance belong in every family medicine kit, right beside the thermometer to measure body temperature.
Saliva pH and Cancer
"When healthy, the pH of blood is 7.4, the pH of spinal fluid is 7.4, and the pH of saliva is 7.4. Thus the pH of saliva parallels the extra cellular fluid...pH test of saliva represents the most consistent and most definitive physical sign of the ionic calcium deficiency syndrome...The pH of the non-deficient and healthy person is in the 7.5 (dark blue) to 7.1 (blue) slightly alkaline range. The range from 6.5 (blue-green) which is weakly acidic to 4.5 (light yellow) which is strongly acidic represents states from mildly deficient to strongly deficient, respectively. Most children are dark blue, a pH of 7.5. Over half of adults are green-yellow, a pH of 6.5 or lower, reflecting the calcium deficiency of aging and lifestyle defects. Cancer patients are usually a bright yellow, a pH of 4.5, especially when terminal." The Calcium Factor: The Scientific Secret of Health and Youth, by Robert R. Barefoot and Carl J. Reich.
Virtually all degenerative diseases, including cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, kidney and gall stones, and tooth decay are associated with excess acidity in the body. While the body does have a homeostatic mechanism which maintains a constant pH 7.4 in the blood, this mechanism works by depositing and withdrawing acid and alkaline minerals from other locations including the bones, soft tissues, body fluids and saliva. Therefore, the pH of these other tissues can fluctuate greatly. The pH of saliva offers us a window through which we can see the overall pH balance in our bodies.
Cancer cannot exist in an alkaline environment. All forms of arthritis are associated with excess acidity. Acid in the body dissolves both teeth and bones. Whatever health situation you are faced with, you can monitor your progress toward a proper acid/alkaline balance by testing your saliva pH.
What does "Acid" and "Alkaline" mean?
Water (H2O) ionizes into hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions. When these ions are in equal proportions, the pH is a neutral 7. When there are more H+ ions than OH- ions then the water is said to be "acid". If OH- ions outnumber the H+ ions then the water is said to be "alkaline". The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 and is logarithmic, which means that each step is ten times the previous. In other words, a pH of 4.5 is 10 times more acid than 5.5, 100 times more acid than 6.5 and 1,000 times more acid than 7.5.
Acid and Alkaline Minerals and Foods
Minerals with a negative electrical charge are attracted to the H+ ion. These are called acid minerals. Acid minerals include: chlorine (Cl-), sulfur (S-), phosphorus (P-), and they form hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Minerals with a positive electrical charge are attracted to the negatively charged OH- ion. These are called alkaline minerals. Nutritionally important alkaline minerals include calcium (Ca+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg+), and sodium (Na+). To determine if a food is acid or alkaline, it is burned and the ash is mixed with water. If the solution is acid or alkaline then the food is called acid or alkaline. Ash is the mineral content of the food.
Ways to Restore Acid/Alkaline Balance in Your Body
If your saliva is too acid you would benefit from increasing the alkalinity of your body. Ways to do this include:
1. Eat mostly alkaline foods.
The general "rule of thumb" is to eat 20% acid foods and 80% alkaline foods. Avoid the "strongly acid" foods.
Strongly Acid:meat, fish, soft drinks
Mild Acid: grains, legumes, nuts
Mild Alkaline: fruits, vegetables, berries, dairy
Strongly Alkaline: green leafy vegetables, brocoli, spinach
2. Supplement your diet with alkaline minerals.
Salts of the alkaline minerals cesium, rubidium and potassium have been found by Dr. Brewer to be particularly effective in fighting cancer. Dr. Gerson, founder of the Gerson cancer therapy, " A Cancer Therapy: Results of Fifty Cases and the Cure of Advanced Cancer " (page 246) gave his patients a 10% potassium solution. Potassium tablets are commonly available. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) can be used as a substitute for sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) when baking. You might try mixing a teaspoon of potassium bicarbonate with water and drinking it before going to bed each evening.
Another good source of information on the body ph problem is essence-of-life.com.
3. Supplement your diet with freshly made fruit and vegetable juices.
As a treatment for cancer, some doctors recommend one 8 oz glass per hour for every waking hour of the day. We could never eat the amount of nutrition we drink with these juices. Potassium Benzoate
Potassium Benzoate is the potassium salt of benzoic acid. 1 gram of the salt is soluble in 2 ml of water, in 75 ml of alcohol, and in 50 ml of 90% alcohol. The salt is insoluble in ether. Probenz® Potassium Benzoate is used as a food preservative. Potassium benzoate offers an alternative to sodium benzoate for products that require a low-sodium content. Potassium benzoate may be employed in a wide range of preservative applications because of its antimicrobial action and low taste. It is also generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. It is most suitable when used in foods and beverages with a pH of 4.5 and below and is not recommended for use when the pH exceeds 4.5.
The lower the pH level, the greater the effectiveness of potassium benzoate on Yeats, molds and bacteria. To maximize its effectiveness against enzyme formation, it is recommended that it be added at the earliest processing step possible.
If you would like to learn more about potassium benzoate and other quality products available at Velsicol Chemical, follow this link: Velsicol Products
Potassium Benzoate Uses
The use of potassium benzoate as an alternative to sodium benzoate is becoming more popular for applications where a low sodium content is desirable. It is used in a number of the products we consume every day. Potassium benzoate is used in both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, fruit and fruit juices, syrups, jams and jellies, prepared salads, tomato-based products, margarine, olives, pickles, and other condiments.
If you would like to learn more about potassium benzoate, you can read our potassium benzoate information bulletin at Potassium Benzoate Information
Potassium Benzoate: Preventing Spoilage
Food spoilage has long been a problem in the food industry. Most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon the food. Enzymes are complex organic compounds that may act as catalysts and cause a chemical change to occur. Potassium benzoate helps to prevent these changes from occurring. The effectiveness of using potassium benzoate as a preservative increases as the pH is decreased.
If you are interested in learning more about potassium benzoate or the other many great products offered by Velsicol, please follow this link: Velsicol Product Catalog.
Velsicol is the technology leader in high performance plasticizers, food additives and industrial intermediates. We are best known around the world for our innovative technology, quality products, and the exceptional level of service we provide.
Caffeine
Caffeine is one of the most comprehensively studied ingredients in the food supply. We know a lot about caffeine and it has been consumed safely for centuries. Caffeine exists in our diet from a variety of sources - primarily coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and both prescription and nonprescription drugs. While much is known about caffeine, many questions and misperceptions still exist; these facts and resources can help to set the story straight.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE?
Caffeine is a mild stimulant to the central nervous system. It is not addictive, though it can be habit forming. When caffeine intake is stopped abruptly, some individuals can experience headache, fatigue or drowsiness. Age and body size can make a difference in effect. A child or a smaller person may feel caffeine's effects more strongly than an adult or a heavier, taller person. A cup of strongly brewed coffee or tea has more caffeine than a weakly brewed cup.
HOW MUCH CAFFEINE IS "SAFE?"
MODERATION is the key. Most experts agree that 300 mg. of caffeine (about the amount contained in 3 cups of coffee) is a moderate intake. People who have certain health problems need to check with their doctor as they consider their caffeine intake. At this time, there is NO evidence that caffeine intake is associated with heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis or high cholesterol. Because research is ongoing, recommendations about caffeine in the presence of these conditions seems conflicting. Talk with your doctor for guidance about your consumption. Some people are more sensitive to caffeine's effects than others and may feel effects at smaller doses. Pregnancy and aging may affect one's sensitivity to caffeine. There is no evidence that caffeine in beverage form is dehydrating. Its diuretic effects are usually compensated for by the beverage's fluid content. If you ingest caffeine from sports supplements (Clif Bar Ice series) or from prescription drugs or over-the-counter sources (No-Doz, etc.) be sure to drink adequate fluid to rehydrate yourself from caffeine's mild diuretic action.
WILL CAFFEINE HELP ME STUDY?
Caffeine may help you stay awake and be alert to study, but it will not improve your performance on an exam the next day if you have not gotten enough rest or are exhausted from an all-nighter.
HOW CAN I ENERGIZE?
Instead of reaching for another Coke(c), try these non-caffeinated strategies to maintain good energy levels:
• Get a good night's sleep. If you are tired during the day, take a short nap.
• Take a brisk, 10-minute walk.
• Eat regular, healthful meals. Use the food guide pyramid to build your meals. Fatty foods and alcohol can make you feel "draggy."
• Try not to skip or delay meals. Avoid eating very large meals - digesting a large meal can make you want a nap.
CAN I SAFELY HAVE CAFFEINE IF I AM PREGNANT OR IF I AM CONSIDERING PREGNANCY?
At this time, moderate caffeine intake is not believed to affect either fertility or the health of a mother or fetus. Talk with your doctor - research is always in progress.
I GET MY CAFFEINE FROM COFFEE AND NO-DOZ - AND I WOULD LIKE TO LOSE WEIGHT.
IS IT SAFE TO TAKE AN HERBAL SUPPLEMENT TO HELP ME LOSE WEIGHT OR TO STAY AWAKE?
Herbal supplements for weight loss often contain high levels of caffeine and/or quarana or ephedra (ma huang) - other nervous system stimulants. Using weight loss supplements containing ephedra have been associated with illness and death. For additional ephedra information visit this hyperlink: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ephed.html. Taking diet supplements containing these ingredients, and maintaining your usual caffeine intake can push you past the recommended moderate level of caffeine intake.
Remember the "moderate" caffeine limit is 300 mg/day - and realize that herbal stimulants can be very dangerous. If your caffeine comes from pills vs. drinks, be sure to keep your fluid intake high to address the moderate dehydrating effects of caffeine.
HOW CAN I QUIT OR REDUCE MY CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION?
Cut back gradually. Eliminate a cup or glassful a day rather than going "cold turkey."
• Keep a log to see how much caffeine you consume. Remember to count medications and supplements. Experiment with your intake to see how you feel both physically and psychologically
• Limit your intake to 200-300 mg of caffeine per day.
• Substitute herbal tea, hot or cider or decaf coffee for caffeinated drinks.
• Be active or be still - run, walk, bike ride, swim, do yoga or meditate.
• Eat regular meals
• Stop smoking - caffeine and cigarettes often go together.
• Ask others in your house or office to decrease their caffeine with you. There is strength in numbers.
• Remember that coffee does NOT help you to sober up after drinking alcohol.
Moderation is the key to caffeine intake. When your caffeine intake is not moderate, be prepared to experience jangly nerves and poor sleep patterns. Caffeine's effects vary according to the individual - some people feel very little effect and some people feel frazzled by the smell of a coffee bean.
The amount of caffeine in some common foods and beverages is as follows:
• Coffee, brewed - 40 to 180 mg. per cup
• Coffee, instant - 30 to 120 mg. per cup
• Coffee, decaffeinated - 3 to 5 mg. per cup
• Tea, brewed American - 20 to 90 mg. per cup
• Tea, brewed imported - 25 to 110 mg. per cup
• Tea, instant - 28 mg. per cup
• Cocoa - 4 mg. per cup
• Chocolate, milk - 3 to 6 mg. per ounce
• Chocolate - bittersweet - 25 mg. per ounce
• Cola and other soft drinks, containing caffeine - 36 to 90 mg. per 12 ounces
• Cola and other soft drinks, decaffeinated - 0 mg. per 12 ounces
Some common brands of medications that contain caffeine are:
• Caffedrine Caplets
• Enerjets
• NoDoz Maximum Strength Caplets
• Vivarin
citric acid
Related: Organic Chemistry
or 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, HO 2 CCH 2 C(OH)(CO 2 H)CH 2 CO 2 H, an organic carboxylic acid containing three carboxyl groups ; it is a solid at room temperature, melts at 153°C, and decomposes at higher temperatures. It is responsible for the tart taste of various fruits in which it occurs, e.g., lemons, limes, oranges, pineapples, and gooseberries. It can be extracted from the juice of citrus fruits by adding calcium oxide (lime) to form calcium citrate, an insoluble precipitate that can be collected by filtration; the citric acid can be recovered from its calcium salt by adding sulfuric acid. It is obtained also by fermentation of glucose with the aid of the mold Aspergillus niger and can be obtained synthetically from acetone or glycerol. Citric acid is used in soft drinks and in laxatives and cathartics. Its salts, the citrates, have many uses, e.g., ferric ammonium citrate is used in making blueprint paper. Sour salt, used in cooking, is citric acid.
By Dr. Joseph Mercola with Rachael Droege
How many sodas have you had today? How about your kids? The average American drinks an estimated 56 gallons of soft drinks each year, but before you grab that next can of soda, consider this: one can of soda has about 10 teaspoons of sugar, 150 calories, 30 to 55 mg of caffeine, and is loaded with artificial food colors and sulphites.
This is an alarming amount of sugar, calories and harmful additives in a product that has absolutely no nutritional value. Plus, studies have linked soda to osteoporosis, obesity, tooth decay and heart disease. Despite this, soda accounts for more than one-quarter of all drinks consumed in the United States.
Teenagers and children, who many soft drinks are marketed toward, are among the largest consumers. In the past 10 years, soft drink consumption among children has almost doubled in the United States. Teenage boys now drink, on average, three or more cans of soda per day, and 10 percent drink seven or more cans a day. The average for teenage girls is more than two cans a day, and 10 percent drink more than five cans a day.
While these numbers may sound high, they’re not surprising considering that most school hallways are lined with vending machines that sell, of course, soft drinks. It’s not uncommon for schools to make marketing deals with leading soft drink companies such as Coca-Cola from which they receive commissions--based on a percentage of sales at each school--and sometimes a lump-sum payment.
The revenues are used for various academic and after-school activities, but what activity could be worth devastating the students’ health, which is exactly what consuming all that soda is doing? Getting rid of vending machines in schools--or replacing their contents with pure water and healthy snacks--could make a big difference, as vending machines can increase the consumption of sweetened beverages by up to 50 or more cans of soda per student per year.
Let’s take a look at some of the major components of a can of soda:
• Phosphoric Acid: May interfere with the body's ability to use calcium, which can lead to osteoporosis or softening of the teeth and bones. Phosphoric acid also neutralizes the hydrochloric acid in your stomach, which can interfere with digestion, making it difficult to utilize nutrients.
• Sugar: Soft drink manufacturers are the largest single user of refined sugar in the United States. It is a proven fact that sugar increases insulin levels, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, weight gain, premature aging and many more negative side effects. Most sodas include over 100 percent of the RDA of sugar.
• Aspartame: This chemical is used as a sugar substitute in diet soda. There are over 92 different health side effects associated with aspartame consumption including brain tumors, birth defects, diabetes, emotional disorders and epilispsy/seizures. Further, when aspartame is stored for long periods of time or kept in warm areas it changes to methanol, an alcohol that converts to formaldehyde and formic acid, which are known carcinogens.
• Caffeine: Caffeinated drinks cause jitters, insomnia, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, elevated blood cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral depletion, breast lumps, birth defects, and perhaps some forms of cancer.
• Tap Water: I recommend that everyone avoid drinking tap water because it can carry any number of chemicals including chlorine, trihalomethanes, lead, cadmium, and various organic pollutants. Tap water is the main ingredient in bottled soft drinks.
• Soda is one of the main reasons, nutritionally speaking, why many people suffer health problems. Aside from the negative effects of the soda itself, drinking a lot of soda is likely to leave you with little appetite for vegetables, protein and other food that your body needs.
If you are still drinking soda, stopping the habit is an easy way to improve your health. Pure water is a much better choice. If you must drink a carbonated beverage, try sparkling mineral water.
Water
Also indexed as: Bottled Water, Carbonated Water, Drinking Water, Mineral Water, Seltzer
Serve sparkling water, instead of soft drinks, with a wedge of lemon or lime.
• Varieties
• Buying and storing
• Availability
• Preparation tips
• Nutritional highlights
• Health benefits and concerns
It’s the only beverage that can be consumed in nearly unlimited quantities. Water is the second most important nutrient for life, just after oxygen. More than two-thirds of the human body is made up of water, and the brain is nearly 85 percent water. Our drinking water comes from freshwater lakes, streams, and underground reservoirs.
Varieties
Bottled water comes from a variety of sources. Spring water is the most common. Most is micron filtered and ozonated, and may be treated with reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light as well.
Mineral water contains calcium and other naturally occurring minerals. Distilled water is extremely pure, but the resulting liquid is virtually mineral free and flat tasting. Sparkling water can be naturally occurring, or can be sold as seltzer or club soda. Mineral water may contain high levels of sodium, so check labels.
Here are brief descriptions of common water purification methods used today.
Ultraviolet treatment
Water is exposed to ultraviolet light that destroys biological contaminants and inactivates viruses and bacteria. This treatment is ineffective against organic and inorganic contaminants and does not inactivate giardia (a parasite) cysts.
Carbon filtration
Water is passed through micro-fine carbon filters that absorb or modify contaminants, including some biological and most organic contaminants. Filters don’t catch all viruses or radioactive pollutants, or very tiny parasites.
Reverse osmosis
Water is passed through an ultra-fine membrane under pressure, reducing inorganic contaminants and some radioactive materials. Viruses can remain in the water after reverse osmosis processing.
Distillation
Water is boiled and the resulting steam is captured and cooled into fresh water. Although this method is thought to be the most reliable method for purifying water, it doesn’t remove certain compounds, such as gasoline and petroleum-based solvents.
Buying and storing tips
Buy water in bottles or from machines in most grocery and health food stores. Store in a cool, dark location.
Availability
Water is available year-round.
Preparation, uses, and tips
Serve sparkling water, instead of soft drinks, with a wedge of lemon or lime, or a splash of fruit juice. Filtered or spring water can be used instead of tap water for all cooking uses.
Nutritional Highlights
Water, 1 cup (250mL)
Calories: 0.0
Protein: 0.0g
Carbohydrate: 0.0g
Total Fat: 0.0g
Fiber: 0.0g
Health benefits and concerns
Alzheimer’s disease
Whether aluminum in the diet can cause Alzheimer’s disease remains controversial. A preliminary study found that Alzheimer’s disease patients are more likely to have consumed foods high in aluminum additives (e.g., grain product desserts, American cheese, chocolate pudding or beverages, salt, and chewing gum), compared with people without the disease. Until this issue is resolved, it seems prudent for healthy people to take steps to minimize exposure to this unnecessary and potentially toxic metal. Aluminum is added to some municipal water supplies to prevent the accumulation of particulates. In such areas, bottled water may be preferable. It appears unlikely, however, that avoidance of aluminum exposure after the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease could significantly affect the course of the disease.
Athletic performance
Water is the most abundant substance in the human body and is essential for normal physiological function. Water loss due to sweating during exercise can result in decreased performance and other problems. Fluids should be ingested prior to, during, and after exercise, especially when extreme conditions of climate, exercise intensity, and exercise duration exist. Approximately two glasses of fluid should be consumed two hours before exercise and at regular intervals during exercise; fluid should be cool, not cold (59–72°F, 15–22.2°C).
Electrolyte replacement is not as important as water intake in most athletic endeavors. It usually takes several hours of exercise in warm climates before sodium depletion becomes significant and even longer for potassium, chloride, and magnesium. However, the presence of sodium in fluids will often make it easier to drink as well as to retain more fluid.
Common cold/sore throat
Drinking plenty of fluids is important in maintaining water balance and easily flowing secretions.
Constipation
Adding water to fiber supplementation makes the stool softer and easier to pass through the gastrointestinal tract. At least 16 ounces (500mL) of water per serving of fiber is recommended. Otherwise, a fiber supplement can worsen, rather than improve, constipation.
Goiter
Certain bacteria in drinking water have been shown to predispose to goiter formation. A healthy water supply is likely to be important in the prevention and treatment of goiter.
Halitosis
A reduced saliva flow increases the concentration of bacteria in the mouth and worsens bad breath. Measures that help increase saliva production (such as drinking adequate water) may improve halitosis associated with poor saliva flow.
Heart attack
High levels of magnesium in drinking water have been associated with a low risk of heart attacks.
Kidney stones
Drinking water increases the volume of urine. In the process, substances that form kidney stones are diluted, reducing the risk of kidney stone recurrence. For this reason, people with a history of kidney stones should drink at least two quarts of water per day. It is particularly important that people in hot climates increase their water intake to reduce their risk of kidney stones.
Parasites
When traveling outside the United States in developing countries, people should avoid drinking tap water or beverages with ice from unpurified water sources. These are potential sources of parasitic infection. People should not drink untreated stream water while camping, even in the United States, as it is frequently contaminated with giardia.
Preeclampsia
In preeclampsia, unrestricted use of salt and an increased consumption of water are needed to maintain normal blood volume and circulation to the placenta.
Stroke
Drinking water high in magnesium has been associated with protection from stroke.
Tooth decay (dental caries)
In communities without fluoridated water, doctors often recommend adding fluoride tablets or drops to the drinking water.
Drinking fluoridated water (1 mg fluoride per liter, or “1 part per million”) has led to an estimated 40–60% reduction in dental caries in many cities in the United States and worldwide. While most experts believe water fluoridation to be associated with minimal risk, others disagree. A minority of scientists believes fluoridation to be associated with an unacceptable risk of skeletal damage, including osteoporotic fractures and bone tumors, in exchange for a modest dental benefit. Fluoride has topical action as well as whole body effects, suggesting that those who do not have access to fluoridated water can achieve some benefit with fluoride-containing toothpastes and mouthwashes. The American Dental Association recommends supplementing children in areas without fluoridated water with liquid fluoride drops, but this should be done with the guidance of a dentist.
A recent population survey found blood lead levels were associated with the amount of dental caries in children and adults. The authors estimated that lead exposure is responsible for roughly 10% of dental caries in young Americans. For this and other health reasons, known and potential sources of lead exposure should be avoided. Common sources of lead exposure include water from lead pipes.
Levels of strontium in the water supply have been shown to correlate with the risk of dental caries in communities with similar fluoride levels. Compared to children with fewer cavities, enamel samples from children with high numbers of caries have been found to contain significantly less strontium.
Ingredient challenges:
Caramel Color-Conscious
By Marcia A. Wade, Technical Editor
Processed foods are rife with caramel color, whether it is in children’s cookies, snacks and juices, happy hour beers or in the health bars sold to the nutrition-conscious. The challenge in applying caramel color depends on the specific properties of the applications in which it is used. Caramel color is valued as a natural additive that tints food products to evoke the colors consumers expect to see. For example, cola should be brown, apple juice should be gold and the surface of grilled roasted beef should have an inviting “cooked” hue.
Non-enzymatic caramel color is the brown product created by either the Maillard or caramelization reactions. The Maillard reaction occurs between reducing sugars and amines under various time, pH, heat or pressure conditions. The reaction naturally produces the brown color of roasted and grilled meat, chocolate, soy sauce, coffee and bread.
Caramel colors also are created through thermal decomposition or the caramelization reaction, which occurs in the absence of amines when sugars are heated above 150°C. In the polymerization reaction of caramelization, sugars recombine to form large complex color structures.
The challenges of adding caramel coloring to formulated products are complicated. The ingredient’s solubility is reliant on pH and requires knowledge of the intended product’s isoelectric point and pH. In liquid beverages, precipitation of caramel or flavor solids can occur if care is not taken to understand the food’s chemistry and its interaction with caramel. Depending on the reactants used in the manufacturing of the caramel, four classes of caramel colors are possible, and each class is compatible with different food types.
Class I caramels (or “plain” caramels) do not contain ammonium or sulfite compounds. Like caramels in Classes II and IV, plain caramels have a negative colloidal charge, which makes some of them suitable for use in high-proof alcohol below 75% concentration.
Class II caramels, or those processed with caustic sulphite, have limited food and beverage applications. Alternatively, high-intensity color Class III caramels are created by processing sugars with only ammonia. Some Class III caramels are stable at pH 3, soluble at 20% salt solution, and used to color soups, sauces, beer, malt liquor, canned foods, biscuits, and pastries. Class III or IV caramels are highly dispersible in water and dough, making them well suited for bakery applications.
Class IV caramel colors processed with both sulfur and ammonia to achieve intense color are used in cola beverages and other soft drinks. Caramels used in soft drinks have a negative charge, with an isoelectric point below the pH of the beverage to avoid flocculation/precipitation. (Soft drinks generally have a pH range of 2.5-3.5.)
“Caramel colors are always being used in new ways; for example, as a substitute for cocoa. Since cocoa prices are very high, [to reduce ingredient expenses, manufacturers] use some caramel color in addition to the cocoa and likewise for cinnamon and coffee,” says David Tuescher, technical director of research and development of new materials at a leading caramel color supplier. In cookies, very pleasing dark shades can be achieved by combining caramel color and alkali-processed cocoa.
In addition to its ornamental qualities, caramel color can protect flavors and other ingredients in beverages from deterioration by light, and also acts as an emulsifying agent. It helps reduce the need for gums when diluting soft drink concentrates and flavoring agents.
Although caramel color is sold as a colorant, it does contribute aromas and flavors that add to the sensory qualities of the final product. Tuescher asserts that flavor is very significant to caramel color, which contributes a subtle yet significant “texture” and flavor to a drink. “We sell it as a color,” explains Tuescher, “but there is a flavor constituent. You have to pay attention to flavor when you are developing a product. It could have a positive or negative influence.” By changing from one type of caramel color to another, formulators sometimes can eliminate negative consequences or add others. As an example, Tuescher points to a colorless cola product released years ago that never grew in popularity. The product had a different mouthfeel, due to the loss of viscosity associated with caramel color.
Melanoids, brown pigments and flavor-active compounds formed during the Maillard reaction, contribute off-flavors recognized as bitter or burnt, as well as off-aromas (often described by flavor chemists as burnt, onion, rancid, sweaty or cabbage). On the other hand, the oxygen-accepting Maillard products, melanoid reductones, act as antioxidants and can improve shelflife.
Depending upon the application, melanoidins also contribute appetizing flavors, sensed as “malty,” bread crust-like, caramel, coffee or roasted, and alluring aromas perceived as “bready,” cracker, fine malt.
As ingredient suppliers introduce new Class I caramel colors for use in high salt-soluble products, the realm of applications for caramel color is widening. For example, formulated soy sauce is the most germane recipient. Manufacturers have encountered difficulties retaining a clear product when coloring soy sauce not produced naturally by the slow fermentation process. Caramel color is added to the accelerated soy sauce, but unless it is stable at 20% salt solution, the sauce will be hazy and the caramel will precipitate out. “We have clarity at 20-25% concentration of salt with our particular [caramel] product,” says Tuescher. He adds that this new Class I colorant will allow soy manufacturers to achieve the specific color characteristics they need while maintaining a clear, haze-less product.
Sidebar:
Going Global
Caramel color industry regulations on GMO products in European and Asian countries have caused concern for U.S. caramel color manufacturers. The carbohydrates used in the caramelization process often originate from GMO corn. “GMO should not be an issue for caramel color but, based on current European regulations, it still is an issue,” says Tuescher. However, he argues, all of the corn’s protein, which would contain the GM components, is removed before the caramelization process. Additionally, when the carbohydrate was tested at Tuescher’s company, using the most sensitive level of PCR analysis, less than 10ppb of maize protein was found.
On February 23, 2004, after a series of tests lasting more than 250 days, the Chinese government agreed to allow entry of GMO-altered crops sold by U.S. crop giant Monsanto. Under the new rules, some but not all of Monsanto’s soybeans, cotton and corn products will be available for use in China. “I really doubt that the Chinese action will cause any quick change in the [GMO rules set by the E.U.]. The E.U. situation is not based on science, but on politics driven by the anti-GMO groups,” speculates Tuescher.
“It is not cost effective to have two separate lines, one to make products for Europe and one for the U.S.,” continues Tuescher. “The acceptance of GMO products by China is simply the first step. The lower cost of GMO materials will eventually make them acceptable [in the E.U. also].”
A melon-flavored soft drink by Asahi in Japan contains caramel color, but is bright green. Caramel color commonly is used in many beverages, from the piping hot coffee of Maxim’s (Japan) microwaveable café latte by Ajinomoto General Foods to Grupo Aguila Azteca’s (Mexico) high-energy drink Red Rhino to Lo-Zano’s (Guatemala) apple juice.
Sidebar 2:
Matchmaking: Caramel Compatibility Tests
There is more to caramel color than color. Besides testing color strength and hue with a spectrophotometer, manufacturers need to ascertain many additional properties of their caramel color supply (some are listed below) to assure that flocculation does not occur and that the color intensity will last the life of the product.
• Haze point
• Gel point
• Shelflife or resinification
• Isoelectric point and pH
• Alcohol concentration
• Colloidal charge
Why is phosphoric acid in soda pop?
Vocabulary
acid
acidulant
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid is deliberately added to soft drinks to give them a sharper flavor. It also slows the growth of molds and bacteria, which would otherwise multiply rapidly in the sugary solution.
Almost all of the acidity of soda pop comes from the phosphoric acid and not from the carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2. You can verify this by measuring the pH of fresh and flat soda pop; there's very little difference.
The phosphoric acid is corrosive, but actually the acid concentration in soda pop is lower than that in orange juice or lemonade. Try submerging identical strips of magnesium (or iron staples) in each of these beverages overnight. Which beverage dissolves more metal? Which dissolves the metal fastest?
Fruit juices and drinks are also tart, but they don't use phosphoric acid as a flavor additive. Phosphoric acid would cause many ions present in fruit juices to settle out as insoluble phosphates. These beverages get their tang from citric acid, a substance found in oranges, limes, lemons and grapefruits. Malic acid, found in apples and cherries, is added to many fruit juices. Fumaric acid is used in noncarbonated soft drinks, and tartaric acid gives grape-flavored candies a subtle sour flavor. All of these substances impart only tartness, without overpowering other flavors present.
Reader Comments
Soda pop and the American diet
Americans drink more soft drinks than ever before. These popular beverages account for more than 25% of all drinks consumed in the U. S.
More than 15 billion gallons of soda pop were sold in the U.S. in 2000. This works out to over one 12-ounce bottle per day for every man, woman and child.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, kids are heavy consumers of soda pop, and they are guzzling those soft drinks at unprecedented rates.
As soda pop becomes the beverage of choice among the nation's youth, and as soda marketers focus on brand-building among ever-younger consumers, we are all faced with nagging questions:
How healthful are these drinks, which provide a lot of sugars, calories and caffeine but no significant nutritional value? And what happens if you drink a lot of them at a very young age?
Soda pop and obesity in youth
One recent independent peer-reviewed study demonstrates a strong link between soda pop consumption and childhood obesity(1).
Explanations of the mechanism through which soda pop may lead to obesity have not been proven yet, although the evidence for them is strong.
Many people have long assumed that soda, high in sugar and calories and low in nutrients, can make children fat. But this study provides solid, scientific evidence demonstrating this.
Reporting in 'The Lancet', a British medical journal, a team of Harvard researchers presented the first evidence linking soda pop consumption to childhood obesity. They found that 12-year-olds who drank soda pop regularly were more likely to be overweight than those who didn't. For each additional daily serving of sugar-sweetened soda pop consumed during the nearly 2-year study, the risk of obesity increased 1.6 times.(1)
Obesity experts called the Harvard study findings important and praised the study for being prospective. The Harvard researchers spent 19 months following the children, rather than just capturing a snapshot of data from only a single day. It is considered statistically more significant to conduct a study over a long period of time.
Soda pop and tooth decay
Tooth decay is one detrimental health effect of soda pop which even the soft drink industry admits to. In a carefully worded statement, the National Soft Drink Association claims that "there is no scientific evidence that consumption of sugars in soft drinks per se has any negative effect other than dental caries."
Soda pop and bone weakening
The active ingredient in most soda pop is phosphoric acid. The pH of most soda pop is 2.8, which is very acidic. As we discuss in detail in the body PH page, you want your diet to ALKALIZE your body, and ingesting a highly acidic drink like soda pop does the opposite and is very detrimental to your health. Phosphoric acid also leaches calcium from bones and is a major contributor to the rising increase in osteoporosis.
Animal studies show that phosphoric acid, a common ingredient in soda pop, can deplete bones of calcium.
And recent human studies suggest that girls who drink more soda pop are more prone to broken bones. The soft drink industry denies that soda plays a role in bone weakening.
Animal studies, mostly involving rats, point to consistent and clear bone loss with the use of soda pop drinks. But as scientists like to point out, rats and humans are not exactly the same.
Phosphorus, which occurs naturally in some foods and is used as an additive in many others, appears to promote the loss of calcium, thus weakening bones. With less calcium available, the bones become more porous and prone to fracture. There is growing concern that even a few cans of soda pop per day can be damaging when they are consumed during the critical bone-building years of adolescence and childhood.
What happens when these soda pop-drinking individuals become middle-aged adults and they end up with osteoporosis and obesity?
By that time, switching to water, fruit or vegetable juices may be too little too late.
References
(1) Washington Post February 27, 2001; Page HE10
Saliva PH test
The Saliva PH test is a simple test you can do to measure your susceptibility to cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, and many other degenerative diseases.
How to Perform the Saliva pH Test
First, you must wait at least 2 hours after eating. Fill your mouth with saliva and then swallow it. Repeat this step to help ensure that your saliva is clean. Then the third time, put some of your saliva onto the pH paper.
The pH paper should turn blue. This indicates that your saliva is slightly alkaline at a healthy pH of 7.4. If it is not blue, compare the color with the chart that comes with the pH paper. If your saliva is acid (below pH of 7.0) wait two hours and repeat the test.
Where to Get pH Paper
Some health food stores and pharmacies stock pH paper. What you are looking for is narrow range pH paper measuring pH 4.5 to 7.5 or pH 4.5 to 8.5. These pH strips to measure acid/alkaline balance belong in every family medicine kit, right beside the thermometer to measure body temperature.
Saliva pH and Cancer
"When healthy, the pH of blood is 7.4, the pH of spinal fluid is 7.4, and the pH of saliva is 7.4. Thus the pH of saliva parallels the extra cellular fluid...pH test of saliva represents the most consistent and most definitive physical sign of the ionic calcium deficiency syndrome...The pH of the non-deficient and healthy person is in the 7.5 (dark blue) to 7.1 (blue) slightly alkaline range. The range from 6.5 (blue-green) which is weakly acidic to 4.5 (light yellow) which is strongly acidic represents states from mildly deficient to strongly deficient, respectively. Most children are dark blue, a pH of 7.5. Over half of adults are green-yellow, a pH of 6.5 or lower, reflecting the calcium deficiency of aging and lifestyle defects. Cancer patients are usually a bright yellow, a pH of 4.5, especially when terminal." The Calcium Factor: The Scientific Secret of Health and Youth, by Robert R. Barefoot and Carl J. Reich.
Virtually all degenerative diseases, including cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, kidney and gall stones, and tooth decay are associated with excess acidity in the body. While the body does have a homeostatic mechanism which maintains a constant pH 7.4 in the blood, this mechanism works by depositing and withdrawing acid and alkaline minerals from other locations including the bones, soft tissues, body fluids and saliva. Therefore, the pH of these other tissues can fluctuate greatly. The pH of saliva offers us a window through which we can see the overall pH balance in our bodies.
Cancer cannot exist in an alkaline environment. All forms of arthritis are associated with excess acidity. Acid in the body dissolves both teeth and bones. Whatever health situation you are faced with, you can monitor your progress toward a proper acid/alkaline balance by testing your saliva pH.
What does "Acid" and "Alkaline" mean?
Water (H2O) ionizes into hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions. When these ions are in equal proportions, the pH is a neutral 7. When there are more H+ ions than OH- ions then the water is said to be "acid". If OH- ions outnumber the H+ ions then the water is said to be "alkaline". The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 and is logarithmic, which means that each step is ten times the previous. In other words, a pH of 4.5 is 10 times more acid than 5.5, 100 times more acid than 6.5 and 1,000 times more acid than 7.5.
Acid and Alkaline Minerals and Foods
Minerals with a negative electrical charge are attracted to the H+ ion. These are called acid minerals. Acid minerals include: chlorine (Cl-), sulfur (S-), phosphorus (P-), and they form hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Minerals with a positive electrical charge are attracted to the negatively charged OH- ion. These are called alkaline minerals. Nutritionally important alkaline minerals include calcium (Ca+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg+), and sodium (Na+). To determine if a food is acid or alkaline, it is burned and the ash is mixed with water. If the solution is acid or alkaline then the food is called acid or alkaline. Ash is the mineral content of the food.
Ways to Restore Acid/Alkaline Balance in Your Body
If your saliva is too acid you would benefit from increasing the alkalinity of your body. Ways to do this include:
1. Eat mostly alkaline foods.
The general "rule of thumb" is to eat 20% acid foods and 80% alkaline foods. Avoid the "strongly acid" foods.
Strongly Acid:meat, fish, soft drinks
Mild Acid: grains, legumes, nuts
Mild Alkaline: fruits, vegetables, berries, dairy
Strongly Alkaline: green leafy vegetables, brocoli, spinach
2. Supplement your diet with alkaline minerals.
Salts of the alkaline minerals cesium, rubidium and potassium have been found by Dr. Brewer to be particularly effective in fighting cancer. Dr. Gerson, founder of the Gerson cancer therapy, " A Cancer Therapy: Results of Fifty Cases and the Cure of Advanced Cancer " (page 246) gave his patients a 10% potassium solution. Potassium tablets are commonly available. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) can be used as a substitute for sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) when baking. You might try mixing a teaspoon of potassium bicarbonate with water and drinking it before going to bed each evening.
Another good source of information on the body ph problem is essence-of-life.com.
3. Supplement your diet with freshly made fruit and vegetable juices.
As a treatment for cancer, some doctors recommend one 8 oz glass per hour for every waking hour of the day. We could never eat the amount of nutrition we drink with these juices. Potassium Benzoate
Potassium Benzoate is the potassium salt of benzoic acid. 1 gram of the salt is soluble in 2 ml of water, in 75 ml of alcohol, and in 50 ml of 90% alcohol. The salt is insoluble in ether. Probenz® Potassium Benzoate is used as a food preservative. Potassium benzoate offers an alternative to sodium benzoate for products that require a low-sodium content. Potassium benzoate may be employed in a wide range of preservative applications because of its antimicrobial action and low taste. It is also generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. It is most suitable when used in foods and beverages with a pH of 4.5 and below and is not recommended for use when the pH exceeds 4.5.
The lower the pH level, the greater the effectiveness of potassium benzoate on Yeats, molds and bacteria. To maximize its effectiveness against enzyme formation, it is recommended that it be added at the earliest processing step possible.
If you would like to learn more about potassium benzoate and other quality products available at Velsicol Chemical, follow this link: Velsicol Products
Potassium Benzoate Uses
The use of potassium benzoate as an alternative to sodium benzoate is becoming more popular for applications where a low sodium content is desirable. It is used in a number of the products we consume every day. Potassium benzoate is used in both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, fruit and fruit juices, syrups, jams and jellies, prepared salads, tomato-based products, margarine, olives, pickles, and other condiments.
If you would like to learn more about potassium benzoate, you can read our potassium benzoate information bulletin at Potassium Benzoate Information
Potassium Benzoate: Preventing Spoilage
Food spoilage has long been a problem in the food industry. Most food spoilage is due to enzyme action upon the food. Enzymes are complex organic compounds that may act as catalysts and cause a chemical change to occur. Potassium benzoate helps to prevent these changes from occurring. The effectiveness of using potassium benzoate as a preservative increases as the pH is decreased.
If you are interested in learning more about potassium benzoate or the other many great products offered by Velsicol, please follow this link: Velsicol Product Catalog.
Velsicol is the technology leader in high performance plasticizers, food additives and industrial intermediates. We are best known around the world for our innovative technology, quality products, and the exceptional level of service we provide.
Caffeine
Caffeine is one of the most comprehensively studied ingredients in the food supply. We know a lot about caffeine and it has been consumed safely for centuries. Caffeine exists in our diet from a variety of sources - primarily coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and both prescription and nonprescription drugs. While much is known about caffeine, many questions and misperceptions still exist; these facts and resources can help to set the story straight.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE?
Caffeine is a mild stimulant to the central nervous system. It is not addictive, though it can be habit forming. When caffeine intake is stopped abruptly, some individuals can experience headache, fatigue or drowsiness. Age and body size can make a difference in effect. A child or a smaller person may feel caffeine's effects more strongly than an adult or a heavier, taller person. A cup of strongly brewed coffee or tea has more caffeine than a weakly brewed cup.
HOW MUCH CAFFEINE IS "SAFE?"
MODERATION is the key. Most experts agree that 300 mg. of caffeine (about the amount contained in 3 cups of coffee) is a moderate intake. People who have certain health problems need to check with their doctor as they consider their caffeine intake. At this time, there is NO evidence that caffeine intake is associated with heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis or high cholesterol. Because research is ongoing, recommendations about caffeine in the presence of these conditions seems conflicting. Talk with your doctor for guidance about your consumption. Some people are more sensitive to caffeine's effects than others and may feel effects at smaller doses. Pregnancy and aging may affect one's sensitivity to caffeine. There is no evidence that caffeine in beverage form is dehydrating. Its diuretic effects are usually compensated for by the beverage's fluid content. If you ingest caffeine from sports supplements (Clif Bar Ice series) or from prescription drugs or over-the-counter sources (No-Doz, etc.) be sure to drink adequate fluid to rehydrate yourself from caffeine's mild diuretic action.
WILL CAFFEINE HELP ME STUDY?
Caffeine may help you stay awake and be alert to study, but it will not improve your performance on an exam the next day if you have not gotten enough rest or are exhausted from an all-nighter.
HOW CAN I ENERGIZE?
Instead of reaching for another Coke(c), try these non-caffeinated strategies to maintain good energy levels:
• Get a good night's sleep. If you are tired during the day, take a short nap.
• Take a brisk, 10-minute walk.
• Eat regular, healthful meals. Use the food guide pyramid to build your meals. Fatty foods and alcohol can make you feel "draggy."
• Try not to skip or delay meals. Avoid eating very large meals - digesting a large meal can make you want a nap.
CAN I SAFELY HAVE CAFFEINE IF I AM PREGNANT OR IF I AM CONSIDERING PREGNANCY?
At this time, moderate caffeine intake is not believed to affect either fertility or the health of a mother or fetus. Talk with your doctor - research is always in progress.
I GET MY CAFFEINE FROM COFFEE AND NO-DOZ - AND I WOULD LIKE TO LOSE WEIGHT.
IS IT SAFE TO TAKE AN HERBAL SUPPLEMENT TO HELP ME LOSE WEIGHT OR TO STAY AWAKE?
Herbal supplements for weight loss often contain high levels of caffeine and/or quarana or ephedra (ma huang) - other nervous system stimulants. Using weight loss supplements containing ephedra have been associated with illness and death. For additional ephedra information visit this hyperlink: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ephed.html. Taking diet supplements containing these ingredients, and maintaining your usual caffeine intake can push you past the recommended moderate level of caffeine intake.
Remember the "moderate" caffeine limit is 300 mg/day - and realize that herbal stimulants can be very dangerous. If your caffeine comes from pills vs. drinks, be sure to keep your fluid intake high to address the moderate dehydrating effects of caffeine.
HOW CAN I QUIT OR REDUCE MY CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION?
Cut back gradually. Eliminate a cup or glassful a day rather than going "cold turkey."
• Keep a log to see how much caffeine you consume. Remember to count medications and supplements. Experiment with your intake to see how you feel both physically and psychologically
• Limit your intake to 200-300 mg of caffeine per day.
• Substitute herbal tea, hot or cider or decaf coffee for caffeinated drinks.
• Be active or be still - run, walk, bike ride, swim, do yoga or meditate.
• Eat regular meals
• Stop smoking - caffeine and cigarettes often go together.
• Ask others in your house or office to decrease their caffeine with you. There is strength in numbers.
• Remember that coffee does NOT help you to sober up after drinking alcohol.
Moderation is the key to caffeine intake. When your caffeine intake is not moderate, be prepared to experience jangly nerves and poor sleep patterns. Caffeine's effects vary according to the individual - some people feel very little effect and some people feel frazzled by the smell of a coffee bean.
The amount of caffeine in some common foods and beverages is as follows:
• Coffee, brewed - 40 to 180 mg. per cup
• Coffee, instant - 30 to 120 mg. per cup
• Coffee, decaffeinated - 3 to 5 mg. per cup
• Tea, brewed American - 20 to 90 mg. per cup
• Tea, brewed imported - 25 to 110 mg. per cup
• Tea, instant - 28 mg. per cup
• Cocoa - 4 mg. per cup
• Chocolate, milk - 3 to 6 mg. per ounce
• Chocolate - bittersweet - 25 mg. per ounce
• Cola and other soft drinks, containing caffeine - 36 to 90 mg. per 12 ounces
• Cola and other soft drinks, decaffeinated - 0 mg. per 12 ounces
Some common brands of medications that contain caffeine are:
• Caffedrine Caplets
• Enerjets
• NoDoz Maximum Strength Caplets
• Vivarin
citric acid
Related: Organic Chemistry
or 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, HO 2 CCH 2 C(OH)(CO 2 H)CH 2 CO 2 H, an organic carboxylic acid containing three carboxyl groups ; it is a solid at room temperature, melts at 153°C, and decomposes at higher temperatures. It is responsible for the tart taste of various fruits in which it occurs, e.g., lemons, limes, oranges, pineapples, and gooseberries. It can be extracted from the juice of citrus fruits by adding calcium oxide (lime) to form calcium citrate, an insoluble precipitate that can be collected by filtration; the citric acid can be recovered from its calcium salt by adding sulfuric acid. It is obtained also by fermentation of glucose with the aid of the mold Aspergillus niger and can be obtained synthetically from acetone or glycerol. Citric acid is used in soft drinks and in laxatives and cathartics. Its salts, the citrates, have many uses, e.g., ferric ammonium citrate is used in making blueprint paper. Sour salt, used in cooking, is citric acid.
Friday, May 02, 2008
Transformed
[from a private source]
In the beginning I didn’t believe I was put on this earth to preach God’s word or to convert non-Christians to Christianity. I didn’t want to have anything to do with evangelism or trying to convince people that Jesus was the ONLY way. I struggled with even being comfortable enough to talk with others (family, friends, loved ones) about my faith and what I knew to be the Truth.
When I gave it ALL over to God, my ENTIRE life, and said ‘Your will be done, not mine’ my life CHANGED – forever. He has given me the knowledge, the passion, and the courage to be outspoken about my faith, my convictions, and His Truth.
I believe what I believe because it is written in God’s word. I own His way because I’ve studied it and mostly because He’s spoken it to my heart and shown me what is true and good.
I know that MY way is NOT the right way – no man’s WAY is the right way. Only HIS WAY is the RIGHT way.
If you have faith, love Jesus, and have love and compassion for your fellow man then you would show them God’s way, the RIGHT way. You would yearn to help them see the truth and to be FREE in their lives, instead of in bondage to sin.
God is our Father and our Master Parent – he teaches us through trials and tribulations in our own lives. He loves us like only a parent can love a child. This is probably the best analogy I can give as to why you would seek to change other’s lives, to set them free from the bondage of sin. Just like walking along side your toddler to make sure they don’t go running off the stairs.
One day a couple of years ago I found myself stuck in my driveway and unable to get out. It was the dead of winter and we had recently had a large snowfall. I had shoveled and shoveled and was NOT able to get out of the driveway. I was late for work. God sent me a nice man to help me get on my way. The man had absolutely no reason to stop and help me. There was not a single thing in it for him, except maybe being late to wherever he was headed. He shoveled some more for me and then made sure I could get out before leaving. I thanked him profusely.
God wants us to reach out to others like this man reached out to help me. He wants us to help others dig themselves out of the bondage of sin.
I’ve never been more free in my entire life. This is a different kind of FREEDOM. It’s a freedom that stems from the love I know my Master Parent has for me. His love and His Gift set me FREE.
I grew up with the great ideal of living my life in bondage to sin. In other words – life was about having STUFF! and feeling good. A good education, a great career, a good husband, a great sex life, a fantastic family, a NICE HOUSE, the RIGHT car, nice clothes, a library full of books, a huge kitchen to entertain with, all the right friends.
Somewhere in the midst of the development of my path to bondage as a kid, God planted His seed in me. A seed that said, nope, this just isn’t fulfilling for me – I longed for much more than having the RIGHT EVERYTHING. I think deep down He showed me the hollowness of a life filled with sin and the bondage that brought. THINK about it! SIN = BONDAGE…in my case it goes something like this: always striving for more, better, and bigger STUFF.
Instead I’m living my life FOR GOD. To do HIS WILL sets me free.
God is the KING of MLM! Multilevel Marketing. The more you grow in Faith, the more you know HIM, the closer you grow to HIM, the MORE you want and seek to do HIS will. How cool is that?!
Is living God’s word through love, compassion, and forgiveness ENOUGH?
My God is a God of love, mercy, and compassion. James Alexander Langteaux said it best in his book God.com - He is a God of risk.
In the beginning I didn’t believe I was put on this earth to preach God’s word or to convert non-Christians to Christianity. I didn’t want to have anything to do with evangelism or trying to convince people that Jesus was the ONLY way. I struggled with even being comfortable enough to talk with others (family, friends, loved ones) about my faith and what I knew to be the Truth.
When I gave it ALL over to God, my ENTIRE life, and said ‘Your will be done, not mine’ my life CHANGED – forever. He has given me the knowledge, the passion, and the courage to be outspoken about my faith, my convictions, and His Truth.
I believe what I believe because it is written in God’s word. I own His way because I’ve studied it and mostly because He’s spoken it to my heart and shown me what is true and good.
I know that MY way is NOT the right way – no man’s WAY is the right way. Only HIS WAY is the RIGHT way.
If you have faith, love Jesus, and have love and compassion for your fellow man then you would show them God’s way, the RIGHT way. You would yearn to help them see the truth and to be FREE in their lives, instead of in bondage to sin.
God is our Father and our Master Parent – he teaches us through trials and tribulations in our own lives. He loves us like only a parent can love a child. This is probably the best analogy I can give as to why you would seek to change other’s lives, to set them free from the bondage of sin. Just like walking along side your toddler to make sure they don’t go running off the stairs.
One day a couple of years ago I found myself stuck in my driveway and unable to get out. It was the dead of winter and we had recently had a large snowfall. I had shoveled and shoveled and was NOT able to get out of the driveway. I was late for work. God sent me a nice man to help me get on my way. The man had absolutely no reason to stop and help me. There was not a single thing in it for him, except maybe being late to wherever he was headed. He shoveled some more for me and then made sure I could get out before leaving. I thanked him profusely.
God wants us to reach out to others like this man reached out to help me. He wants us to help others dig themselves out of the bondage of sin.
I’ve never been more free in my entire life. This is a different kind of FREEDOM. It’s a freedom that stems from the love I know my Master Parent has for me. His love and His Gift set me FREE.
I grew up with the great ideal of living my life in bondage to sin. In other words – life was about having STUFF! and feeling good. A good education, a great career, a good husband, a great sex life, a fantastic family, a NICE HOUSE, the RIGHT car, nice clothes, a library full of books, a huge kitchen to entertain with, all the right friends.
Somewhere in the midst of the development of my path to bondage as a kid, God planted His seed in me. A seed that said, nope, this just isn’t fulfilling for me – I longed for much more than having the RIGHT EVERYTHING. I think deep down He showed me the hollowness of a life filled with sin and the bondage that brought. THINK about it! SIN = BONDAGE…in my case it goes something like this: always striving for more, better, and bigger STUFF.
Instead I’m living my life FOR GOD. To do HIS WILL sets me free.
God is the KING of MLM! Multilevel Marketing. The more you grow in Faith, the more you know HIM, the closer you grow to HIM, the MORE you want and seek to do HIS will. How cool is that?!
Is living God’s word through love, compassion, and forgiveness ENOUGH?
My God is a God of love, mercy, and compassion. James Alexander Langteaux said it best in his book God.com - He is a God of risk.
God is...
GOD IS
He is my God, my Jesus,
He is my father,
He is my comforter,
He is my best friend,
He is my creator,
He is my teacher,
He is my confidant,
He is my rock, my fortress,
He is my protector,
He is the love of my life,
He is the light in the darkness,
He is the Truth.
He is the only One in this entire universe that understands all of me, accepts all of me, and loves all of me – unconditionally.
He is the only One that ever loved me so much that He gave His own life for me. He didn’t just give His life for me, He gave His life for my sins; He alone bore all of the ugliness, all of the wretchedness, and all of the disgrace of my sins.
Only He is worthy of my heart, my praise, my worship, and my life.
My thoughts and words on God’s message to His people:
God created us in His image. We are uniquely different from all other parts of His creation. God sent His Holy Spirit to reside inside of man, not plants, animals, or any other part of His creation.
God loves us; He desires to have an intensely personal relationship with us.
God hates sin; it separates us from Him. God wants to forgive us of our sins, but we must repent of our sins and ask His forgiveness. God wants us to believe in and accept His one and only Son, Jesus Christ. God wants us to be “born again” to have His Holy Spirit living within us so that we might know His will for our lives.
God wants us to seek Him and His will for our lives.
He yearns for us to know His Truth, and to share His Truth – to be a light to the world. God wants us to first love Him and then love our “neighbors.”
God wants to see the “fruit of the Spirit” in our lives – love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.
John 3:16-21 (NIV) “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Who ever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son. This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”
A. Define truth
John 8:31-32 (NIV) “To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, ‘If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.”
Jesus’ Teachings:
John 3 – Jesus Teaches Nicodemus
1. v3 “I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.” In this verse and subsequent verses (through verse 8) Jesus teaches about being Spirit filled. Jesus teaches about being baptized not only by water, but also by the Holy Spirit. In essence being born again is to be filled with the Holy Spirit (which only comes from repentance and acceptance of His forgiveness).
2. In the remainder of John chapter 3 Jesus tells about gaining entrance into heaven – “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.”
John 4 – Jesus talks with a Samaritan woman
1. Jesus teaches that He is the well of eternal life (v1-14).
2. He also talks of a time when worship of God will not be in this earthly world (v21-26).
John 5 – The Healing at the Pool, Life through the Son
1. Jesus heals a man that has been ill for 38 years (v1-15). The point? That we should help those in need, regardless of the day (Jesus performed this miracle on the Sabbath).
2. In v. 16-30 Jesus talks about how he only does what the Father does, and “for I seek not to please myself but him who sent me.”
John 6 – Jesus the Bread of Life
1. v.27 Jesus teaches us not to put our effort into things that will spoil, but to put our effort into what endures to eternal life.
2. v.32-35 Jesus teaches that God, the Father, will give us life through Christ.
3. v.48-58 Jesus teaches of communion with him (eating of his flesh and drinking of his blood). He stresses that who ever communes with him, remains in him, and will have eternal life. We are to have a personal relationship with Christ that we take seriously and place first in our lives. He is of GREAT importance.
4. John 7
1. v.21-24 Jesus wants us to make right “judgments” about others – we are not to “judge” a book by its cover.
2.
3. K
4. k
How can you hold to Jesus’ teachings and know His truth if you never read the bible?
Define light, darkness, and evil.
Acts 3: 19 “Repent, then, and turn to God, so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of refreshing may come from the Lord.”
Acts 17:30
Luke 13:3
Jesus transcends all physical realms and the everyday meaning of life.
Creation:
Genesis 1:27 “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.”
Psalm 148:5 “Let them praise the name of the Lord, for he commanded and they were created.”
Colossians 1:16 “For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.”
Personal Relationship:
John 6:53-58 “Jesus said to them, ‘I tell you the truth, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him. Just as the living Father sent me and I live because of the Father, so the one who feeds on me will live because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven. Your forefathers ate manna and died, but he who feeds on this bread will live forever.”
Luke 19:10 “For the Son of Man came to seek and to save what was lost.”
All of Luke 15 – The parable of the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the prodigal son.
Luke 14:27 “And anyone who does not carry his bross and follow me cannot be my disciples.”
Sin:
Isaiah 59:2 “But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear.”
Repent or Parish:
Luke 13:1-9
“I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”
John 3:18-21 “Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son. This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”
Accept Jesus
John 5:24-27
Mark 9:7 “Then a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and a voice came from the cloud: ‘This is my Son, whom I love. Listen to him!’”
Born Again
John 3:3(-8) “In reply Jesus declared, ‘I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.’” In this verse and subsequent verses (through verse 8) Jesus teaches about being Spirit filled. Jesus teaches about being baptized not only by water, but also by the Holy Spirit. In essence being born again is to be filled with the Holy Spirit (which only comes from repentance of sins and acceptance of His forgiveness).
He is my God, my Jesus,
He is my father,
He is my comforter,
He is my best friend,
He is my creator,
He is my teacher,
He is my confidant,
He is my rock, my fortress,
He is my protector,
He is the love of my life,
He is the light in the darkness,
He is the Truth.
He is the only One in this entire universe that understands all of me, accepts all of me, and loves all of me – unconditionally.
He is the only One that ever loved me so much that He gave His own life for me. He didn’t just give His life for me, He gave His life for my sins; He alone bore all of the ugliness, all of the wretchedness, and all of the disgrace of my sins.
Only He is worthy of my heart, my praise, my worship, and my life.
My thoughts and words on God’s message to His people:
God created us in His image. We are uniquely different from all other parts of His creation. God sent His Holy Spirit to reside inside of man, not plants, animals, or any other part of His creation.
God loves us; He desires to have an intensely personal relationship with us.
God hates sin; it separates us from Him. God wants to forgive us of our sins, but we must repent of our sins and ask His forgiveness. God wants us to believe in and accept His one and only Son, Jesus Christ. God wants us to be “born again” to have His Holy Spirit living within us so that we might know His will for our lives.
God wants us to seek Him and His will for our lives.
He yearns for us to know His Truth, and to share His Truth – to be a light to the world. God wants us to first love Him and then love our “neighbors.”
God wants to see the “fruit of the Spirit” in our lives – love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.
John 3:16-21 (NIV) “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Who ever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son. This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”
A. Define truth
John 8:31-32 (NIV) “To the Jews who had believed him, Jesus said, ‘If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.”
Jesus’ Teachings:
John 3 – Jesus Teaches Nicodemus
1. v3 “I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.” In this verse and subsequent verses (through verse 8) Jesus teaches about being Spirit filled. Jesus teaches about being baptized not only by water, but also by the Holy Spirit. In essence being born again is to be filled with the Holy Spirit (which only comes from repentance and acceptance of His forgiveness).
2. In the remainder of John chapter 3 Jesus tells about gaining entrance into heaven – “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.”
John 4 – Jesus talks with a Samaritan woman
1. Jesus teaches that He is the well of eternal life (v1-14).
2. He also talks of a time when worship of God will not be in this earthly world (v21-26).
John 5 – The Healing at the Pool, Life through the Son
1. Jesus heals a man that has been ill for 38 years (v1-15). The point? That we should help those in need, regardless of the day (Jesus performed this miracle on the Sabbath).
2. In v. 16-30 Jesus talks about how he only does what the Father does, and “for I seek not to please myself but him who sent me.”
John 6 – Jesus the Bread of Life
1. v.27 Jesus teaches us not to put our effort into things that will spoil, but to put our effort into what endures to eternal life.
2. v.32-35 Jesus teaches that God, the Father, will give us life through Christ.
3. v.48-58 Jesus teaches of communion with him (eating of his flesh and drinking of his blood). He stresses that who ever communes with him, remains in him, and will have eternal life. We are to have a personal relationship with Christ that we take seriously and place first in our lives. He is of GREAT importance.
4. John 7
1. v.21-24 Jesus wants us to make right “judgments” about others – we are not to “judge” a book by its cover.
2.
3. K
4. k
How can you hold to Jesus’ teachings and know His truth if you never read the bible?
Define light, darkness, and evil.
Acts 3: 19 “Repent, then, and turn to God, so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of refreshing may come from the Lord.”
Acts 17:30
Luke 13:3
Jesus transcends all physical realms and the everyday meaning of life.
Creation:
Genesis 1:27 “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.”
Psalm 148:5 “Let them praise the name of the Lord, for he commanded and they were created.”
Colossians 1:16 “For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him.”
Personal Relationship:
John 6:53-58 “Jesus said to them, ‘I tell you the truth, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him. Just as the living Father sent me and I live because of the Father, so the one who feeds on me will live because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven. Your forefathers ate manna and died, but he who feeds on this bread will live forever.”
Luke 19:10 “For the Son of Man came to seek and to save what was lost.”
All of Luke 15 – The parable of the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the prodigal son.
Luke 14:27 “And anyone who does not carry his bross and follow me cannot be my disciples.”
Sin:
Isaiah 59:2 “But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear.”
Repent or Parish:
Luke 13:1-9
“I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”
John 3:18-21 “Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son. This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but men loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil. Everyone who does evil hates the light, and will not come into the light for fear that his deeds will be exposed. But whoever lives by the truth comes into the light, so that it may be seen plainly that what he has done has been done through God.”
Accept Jesus
John 5:24-27
Mark 9:7 “Then a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and a voice came from the cloud: ‘This is my Son, whom I love. Listen to him!’”
Born Again
John 3:3(-8) “In reply Jesus declared, ‘I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again.’” In this verse and subsequent verses (through verse 8) Jesus teaches about being Spirit filled. Jesus teaches about being baptized not only by water, but also by the Holy Spirit. In essence being born again is to be filled with the Holy Spirit (which only comes from repentance of sins and acceptance of His forgiveness).
Thursday, May 01, 2008
"A Brieft History of Bedford County, VA"
A brief History of Bedford County
Bedford County is located in southwestern part of the state of Virginia, between the cities of Roanoke, to the West, and Lynchburg, to the East. It is bounded on the North by the Blue Ridge Mountains with the majestic Peaks of Otter, and on the South by Smith Mountain Lake, and on the East by the James River.
Long before the coming of European explorers, native American Indians lived here, at least as far back in time as several thousand years B.C. The initial explorers in the 1600's reported finding tribes of Saponi, Tutelo, and Monacan.
The English colony of Virginia was divided into eight shires in 1634. The shires were subsequently subdivided into large counties, and then smaller counties. Bedford County was formed from Lunenburg County by an act passed Dec 13, 1753, to take effect on 10 May 1754, with the seat of government to be the community of New London.
The County was named Bedford, in honor of John Russell, the fourth Duke of Bedford, who was Secretary of State of Great Britain at the time.
Settlers came to Bedford to farm and to exploit the natural resources of timber and fertile lands, well watered by springs, creeks and streams fed by rains coming off the mountains.
Lula Jeter Parker, in _Parker's History of Bedford County_, records that "Campbell County was taken from Bedford County in 1782. Again, in 1786, Bedford gave of her territory for the formation of still another county, Franklin, to which Henry County also contributed". See description at History from Hamilton's & Viemeister - Books on-line gives description of Parker's book.
The county seat was moved in 1782 from New London, then near the Bedford-Campbell border, to a more central location, with a new log courthouse, on land donated to be the new Town of Liberty.
In 1786 John Lynch obtained charter to start a new town on the James River, which later became the City of Lynchburg.
In 1806 President Thomas Jefferson began construction of the octagonal summer retreat home, "Poplar Forest", on land inherited decades earlier by his late wife.
Much of the manual labor on the farms and plantations was done by slaves. From Slaves to Satellites notes that "In the 1850's, some 69% of all landowners owned slaves." See Slavery to Satellites - 250 years - Excerpts
_Historical Diary of Bedford_ records that on April 1, 1852 the Virginia & Tennessee railroad ran an excursion from Lynchburg to Forest Depot and back.
War between the states encompassed people of Bedford. A History of Bedford County (in the 1884 Hardesty's Encyclopedia) says "When the Richmond convention passed the ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861, Bedford County citizens enthusiastically ratified the action of their delegates to that body. The services of three Bedford companies were the first in the State tendered and accepted by Governor Letcher after the call for troops, and nine companies were in the field before the close of May, 1861." More info at History from Hamilton's & Viemeister - Books on-line gives description of this book, which contains some family histories and a roll of Civil War soldiers..
An estimated 15,000 Federal Union army soldiers, commanded by Gen. David Hunter and intent upon capturing Lynchburg, streamed over the Blue Ridge between the two Peaks of Otter, came into Bedford in June 1864. They skirmished to the outskirts of Lynchburg but "Hunter's Raid" failed its objective. The Peaks of Otter Life and Timesexplains. "General Hunter believed that the Confederate forces in the city were too strong for his tired and hungry men. The next day he retreated, followed by Confederate snipers, losing one hundred men as he passed back through Liberty and on into West Virginia." See Excerpts from The Peaks of Otter - Life and Times
Slavery ended during the war. After enduring a tedious economic recovery after the end of the Civil War, Bedford industry flourished in the 1890's and tourists enjoyed the mountains and resort hotels. Liberty changed its name to Bedford City. Excerpts from the 1887 _Sketch Book of Liberty, VA_
Bedford County escaped harm during the first World War, but agonized during World War II, as hundreds of its young men were casualties of battle. D-Day extracted a terrible toll: 19 Bedford men died on Omaha each in the D-Day battle at Normandy.
After peace returned, businesses prospered. A dam was built on the Staunton River, creating Smith Mountain Lake, which reached full pond in 1966. The lake stabilized electricity production and became a powerful lure for retirees and vacationers.
The legend of the Beale Treasure reemerged in national media. For more about the legend, click on Hamilton's & Viemeister - Excerpt from _The Beale Treasure_
Restoration began on Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest home.
The strong postwar economy had fostered growth in Roanoke and Lynchburg, and many city workers chose to make their homes in Bedford County, a place admired for its natural beauty, low taxes and low cost of living.
During the 1980's and early 1990's, Bedford was one of the faster growing counties in Virginia. As the population swelled, newer residents stimulated the need for more schools, more roads, and more law enforcement, changes which caused local government to expand and taxes to rise.
Now, Bedford is proud to be the site of the new National D-Day Monument. President Bush was one of 22,000 people at the dedication on 6 June 2001.
Genealogists can find family information by visiting the Courthouse and the Bedford City/County Museum
Historian Peter Viemeister is a resident of Bedford and author of _Start All Over - An American Experience_.
http://www.28thvirginia.com/contents.html
28th VIRGINIA INFANTRY
CO. D
This is the original flag issued to the 28th Virginia Regiment.This flag was replaced by the Confederate Battle Flag in 1862.
"
28th Virginia Infantry
This is the flag of the 28th VA INF regiment. State flags were often used in the early days because the Confederacy had not supplied all units with Confederate Battle Flags. The history of the Virginia state flag is the Bonnie Blue flag with the star replaced by the seal of the Commonwealth. The seal, which had been adopted during the Revolution represents the goddess Liberty striking down an allegorical tyrant, his crown dashed to the earth. Both seal and flag display the Latin motto "SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS" which translates as "Ever Thus to Tyrants." The symbol which had been adopted as Virginia's response to monarchical and parliamentary tyranny in the 1770's would serve as her reply to aggression in the 1860's. In slightly modified form, the flag of 1861 still serves the Commonwealth of Virginia.
The 28th Infantry Regiment completed its organization in Lynchburg, VA in June, 1861, Its members were raised in Botetourt, Craig, Bedford, Campbell, and Roanoke counties. After fighting at First Manassas, the unit was assigned to Gen. Pickett's, Garnett's, and Hunton's Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment was active in the campaigns of the army from Williamsburg to Gettysburg except when it served with Longstreet at Suffolk. The 28th moved to North Carolina, then was on detached duty at Richmond. It fought at Cold Harbor, the Petersburg trenches, and was engaged in various conflicts around Appomattox. The regiment consisted of around 600 men in April, 1862 and reported 40 casualties at Williamsburg and 47 at Seven Pines. 12 were killed at Manassas and 52 were injured, 8 were killed and 54 wounded during the Maryland Campaign, and, of the 333 engaged at Gettysburg, half were disabled. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and 3 officers and 51 men surrendered on April (, 1865. The field officers were Colonels Robert C. Allen, Robert T. Preston, and William Watts; Lieutenant Colonels Samuel B. Paul and William L. Wingfield; and Majors Michael P. Spessard and Nathaniel C. Wilson.
Navigation Note: To navigate between the pages on this site, and for more information about 28th Virginia, please select your desired destination from the bold blue underlined contents list to your left.
Company Motto
Duty, Fame, Love and Wealth may desert us but......
Erieland's HONOR shall be Eternal"
The 38th Battalion Virginia Light Artillery
Virginia's
Southern Sons of
Saint Barbara
1862 - 1865
A Brief History of the Battalion
The batteries that made up the 38th Battalion were the Fauquier (Co. A), Richmond Fayette (Co. B), Hampden (Co. C), and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery (Co. D). Each battery had initially different areas of operation before joining together in Dearing's Battalion. Among the early individual battle honors were First Manassas, Jackson's Valley Campaign, the Peninsula, Richmond, and 2nd Manassas.
Following reorganization as a battalion in November, 1862, the battalion saw service at Fredericksburg and began serving in George E. Pickett's division during the Suffolk Campaign. Under the incredible leadership of Major James Dearing, the battalion became a formidable arm of Lee's Long Arm. From Suffolk, the organization, now designated as the 38th Battalion, followed Pickett to Gettysburg, participating in the grand barrage before the famous charge; and into North Carolina at the Second Battle of New Bern. Later attached to Hoke's division, the battalion fought at Plymouth, Drewry's Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, Cold Harbor, and in the nine months of trench warfare at Petersburg. After participating in the offensive against Fort Stedman, the battalion was cut off from the Army of Northern Virginia near Appomattox. Though some men of the battalion surrendered with Lee, the majority of the 38th continued on to Lynchburg where they were disbanded.
The Richmond Fayette Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Organized initially as the "Richmond Light Artillery" on May 3, 1821, this company was later renamed in July, 1824 to the "Richmond Fayette Artillery" in honor of the Marquis de La Fayette's visit to the United States. Early captains included Robert Nimmo, Charles Richardson, and Henry C. Cabell, under whom the battery was organized for the war on April 25, 1861. Formerly Co. F, 1st Va. Vols., the battery had also been associated with the 1st Regt. Va. Arty as Co. I and Co. H. Early battles for the battery included the Yorktown Line and Williamsburg. Independent by the reorganization in 1862, the battery served under Capt. Cary Macon. Transferred to Major General Geroge E. Pickett's Division, the battery began to see an upgrade in activity beginning with the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862 in an undesignated battalion under the command of Major James Dearing. By the close of 1862 this battalion was assigned the title of the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery. From Gettysburg, the battlefields of North Carolina, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, the Richmond Fayette Artillery served with distinction. Finally, in the retreat from Petersburg, the battery, being in the van guard of Lee's army, escaped capture at Appomattox, only to spike their guns near Bent Creek near Lynchburg, Virginia. Either near Lynchburg or Fincastle, the battery, along with the remnants of the 38th Battalion, were disbanded.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Richmond Fayette, Hampden, Thomas, and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Available from
The Virginia Regimental Histories Series
Or Can be Obtained through:
The Fauquier Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Originally Co. G, 49th Va. Inf., the company was organized June 22, 1861, as the Markham Guards, enlisting July 1, 1861. The company was detached from the 49th in September or October, 1861 and served as Capt. Robert M. Stribling's Battery. Reorganized May 12, 1862, the battery was assigned later in the year to the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery. Following the reorganization of the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia in October, some men and equipment were assigned from Captain John R. Johnson's Bedford Artillery and Capt. Arthur L. Roger's Loudoun Artillery. Many members that transfered from the Bedford Artillery were subsequently transfered to Blount's Lynchburg Artillery (Co. D) or the Purcell Artillery later on. Captain William C. Marshall assumed command as captain following the promotion of Stribling to major on March 11, 1864.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Brooke, Fauquier, Loudoun and Alexandria Artillery
by Michael J. Andrus
Johnson's Bedford Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
The Bedford Artillery was a company that faced nothing but disappointment and missed opportunities. From the date of the unit's conversion from infantry to artillery, almost one full year elapsed before the unit finally became engaged in a full-scale battle at Second Manassas. Less than a month later, the Bedford men took a beating at Sharpsburg and suffered horrible casualties. Partially as a result of the battle and the reorganization of the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia, the battery was disbanded and reassigned in October, 1862. While a good number of men were reassigned to the Purcell Artillery, a large number were also reassigned to the Lee Lynchburg Artillery.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Charlottesville, Lee Lynchburg and Johnson's Bedford Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Originally enlisted as Capt. Henry Gray Latham's (not re-elected) Battery on April 23, 1861, this battery later came under the command of Captain James G. Dearing (later promoted to major) when reorganized on April 3, 1862. The final commanders being Captain Joseph G. Blount (promoted to major, Oct. 1864) and Captain James W. Dickerson. Some of the men from the Bedford Artillery were later transfered to this battery. The battery was later assigned to the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery by the close of 1862.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Richmond Fayette, Hampden, Thomas, and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Richmond Enquirer April 29, 1864
THE BATTLE OF PLYMOUTH
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The following is a list of casualties in the 38th Battalion Virginia Artillery, in the engagement near Plymouth, N.C. 18th, 19th and 20th April 1864, Major J. P. W. Read commanding:
Field and Staff, none
Fauquier Artillery, Capt. W. C. Marshall, commanding
KILLED:
Sergeant F. W. Powell
Private Wm. H. Riley
WOUNDED:
Lt. T. M. Archer, thigh severely,
Corporal P.P. Thomas, knee and chest
Pr B. Bowery, thigh; severely
H. J. Pritchard, thigh, slightly
M. Weaver, leg broken
Richmond Fayette Artillery. Lieutenant B. H. Robinson, Commanding
KILLED
Private John Ronke
George A. Benton
WOUNDED
Privates James Barnes, foot amputated
Richard B. Dowden, back severely
Thomas Lillas, face, severely
Edwin Cocke, left arm, severely
William A. Allen, leg amputated, mortally
William H. Robinson, abdomen, slightly
W. O. Martin, shocked by explosion of caisson
A member of the 11th Virginia Regiment, writing to the Lynchburg "Republican," from Plymouth, under date of the 19th, says:
About 4 o'clock, A.M., Companies C and G were thrown out as skirmishers and moved through a deep marsh to within a hundred and fifty yards of a strong fort; this was to secure a position from which the Yankee gunners could be picked off and prevent their firing on our batteries. In executing this move, I regret to record the following casualties
Lieut. W. H. Thayer, Company H, wounded badly
______ Callahan, Company B, wounded slightly
A.J. Bateman, company C, wounded severely shoulder
Lee Brown, Company C, Wounded slightly
F. B. Tweedy, Company C, killed
W. J. Monroe, company C, wounded badly
E. A. Tweedy, Company c, wounded slightly
J. C. Hall, Company C, wounded slightly
H. Eades, Company C, wounded slightly
The following casualties occurred in Company G:
Corporal J. P. Sale, wounded, supposed mortally
Corporal W. S. Averett, wounded, supposed mortally
Private J. H. Cross, wounded, supposed mortally
W. P. Conley, Wounded slightly
W. S. Gregory, wounded slightly
C. H. Gwatkins, wounded slightly
S. T. Nowlin, wounded slightly
W. H. Woods, wounded slightly
Thirty-fifth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private J. A. Costin;
Company C
Private Neal Smith
Forty-third N. C. Regiment - Company A
Privates L. R. Grisham
L. J. Quinn; Company E
Private A. W. Simmons
Company F
Private J. H. Wood
Company H
Private W. J. Ashcraft
Company K
Private W. H. Meeks
Fifty Sixth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private K. Setton
Company B
Private W. Handy
Company D
Lieut. C. R. Wilson
Privates J. R. Miller
G. W. Montgomery
Company G
Private E. Carlton
Twenty First Georgia Regiment. - Company F
Private W. R. Philips
Company G
Private L. W. Jones
Twenty -Fourth Virginia Regiment - Company B
Private H. A. Metts
Bradford's (Mississippi) Artillery
T. L. Russell
The following named wounded soldiers from Plymouth have arrived at Goldsboro' and are now receiving medical aid at the General Hospital. All are slightly wounded and doing well:
Sixth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private J. E. Bordon
Company B
Privates J. E. Saunders
J. Tilly
A. Weavil
Company C
Serg't. J. E. Lyon
Private John McGee
Company E
Private R. Pittman
Company F
E. Nelson
Company H
Private F. Page
Company I
Privates John Childress
A. B. Ephraim
Company K
Privates E. P. Hyatt
John Reece
Eight N. C. Regiment, - Company I
Private A. Boggs
Twenty first N. C. regiment - Company D
Private J. C. Boyles
Company F
Private A. M. King
Company H
Privates W. W. Ashburn
John Marion
Company I
Private C. H. Boyles
Company K
Private C. Flynn
Lynchburg Artillery
Capt. J. G. Blount, commanding. --
KILLED:
None
WOUNDED:
Sergeant Thomas Ross, both legs, severely
Corporal T. W. Jeter, hip, slightly
Privates William T. Noell, head severely
James M. Whorley, face severely
George S. Merriman, hand, slightly
C. P. McCary, knee, slightly
Thomas M. Stone, arm, slightly
William S. Moore, hip, slightly
Henry T. Early, foot, slightly
W. H. Walden, leg, slightly
Thomas O. Cox, hand, slightly
H. S. Arthur, face, slightly
Recapitulation
Killed, - Officer 0, Men 4
Wounded, - Officers 1, Men 23
T. Lewis, Adjutant
Bedford County is located in southwestern part of the state of Virginia, between the cities of Roanoke, to the West, and Lynchburg, to the East. It is bounded on the North by the Blue Ridge Mountains with the majestic Peaks of Otter, and on the South by Smith Mountain Lake, and on the East by the James River.
Long before the coming of European explorers, native American Indians lived here, at least as far back in time as several thousand years B.C. The initial explorers in the 1600's reported finding tribes of Saponi, Tutelo, and Monacan.
The English colony of Virginia was divided into eight shires in 1634. The shires were subsequently subdivided into large counties, and then smaller counties. Bedford County was formed from Lunenburg County by an act passed Dec 13, 1753, to take effect on 10 May 1754, with the seat of government to be the community of New London.
The County was named Bedford, in honor of John Russell, the fourth Duke of Bedford, who was Secretary of State of Great Britain at the time.
Settlers came to Bedford to farm and to exploit the natural resources of timber and fertile lands, well watered by springs, creeks and streams fed by rains coming off the mountains.
Lula Jeter Parker, in _Parker's History of Bedford County_, records that "Campbell County was taken from Bedford County in 1782. Again, in 1786, Bedford gave of her territory for the formation of still another county, Franklin, to which Henry County also contributed". See description at History from Hamilton's & Viemeister - Books on-line gives description of Parker's book.
The county seat was moved in 1782 from New London, then near the Bedford-Campbell border, to a more central location, with a new log courthouse, on land donated to be the new Town of Liberty.
In 1786 John Lynch obtained charter to start a new town on the James River, which later became the City of Lynchburg.
In 1806 President Thomas Jefferson began construction of the octagonal summer retreat home, "Poplar Forest", on land inherited decades earlier by his late wife.
Much of the manual labor on the farms and plantations was done by slaves. From Slaves to Satellites notes that "In the 1850's, some 69% of all landowners owned slaves." See Slavery to Satellites - 250 years - Excerpts
_Historical Diary of Bedford_ records that on April 1, 1852 the Virginia & Tennessee railroad ran an excursion from Lynchburg to Forest Depot and back.
War between the states encompassed people of Bedford. A History of Bedford County (in the 1884 Hardesty's Encyclopedia) says "When the Richmond convention passed the ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861, Bedford County citizens enthusiastically ratified the action of their delegates to that body. The services of three Bedford companies were the first in the State tendered and accepted by Governor Letcher after the call for troops, and nine companies were in the field before the close of May, 1861." More info at History from Hamilton's & Viemeister - Books on-line gives description of this book, which contains some family histories and a roll of Civil War soldiers..
An estimated 15,000 Federal Union army soldiers, commanded by Gen. David Hunter and intent upon capturing Lynchburg, streamed over the Blue Ridge between the two Peaks of Otter, came into Bedford in June 1864. They skirmished to the outskirts of Lynchburg but "Hunter's Raid" failed its objective. The Peaks of Otter Life and Timesexplains. "General Hunter believed that the Confederate forces in the city were too strong for his tired and hungry men. The next day he retreated, followed by Confederate snipers, losing one hundred men as he passed back through Liberty and on into West Virginia." See Excerpts from The Peaks of Otter - Life and Times
Slavery ended during the war. After enduring a tedious economic recovery after the end of the Civil War, Bedford industry flourished in the 1890's and tourists enjoyed the mountains and resort hotels. Liberty changed its name to Bedford City. Excerpts from the 1887 _Sketch Book of Liberty, VA_
Bedford County escaped harm during the first World War, but agonized during World War II, as hundreds of its young men were casualties of battle. D-Day extracted a terrible toll: 19 Bedford men died on Omaha each in the D-Day battle at Normandy.
After peace returned, businesses prospered. A dam was built on the Staunton River, creating Smith Mountain Lake, which reached full pond in 1966. The lake stabilized electricity production and became a powerful lure for retirees and vacationers.
The legend of the Beale Treasure reemerged in national media. For more about the legend, click on Hamilton's & Viemeister - Excerpt from _The Beale Treasure_
Restoration began on Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest home.
The strong postwar economy had fostered growth in Roanoke and Lynchburg, and many city workers chose to make their homes in Bedford County, a place admired for its natural beauty, low taxes and low cost of living.
During the 1980's and early 1990's, Bedford was one of the faster growing counties in Virginia. As the population swelled, newer residents stimulated the need for more schools, more roads, and more law enforcement, changes which caused local government to expand and taxes to rise.
Now, Bedford is proud to be the site of the new National D-Day Monument. President Bush was one of 22,000 people at the dedication on 6 June 2001.
Genealogists can find family information by visiting the Courthouse and the Bedford City/County Museum
Historian Peter Viemeister is a resident of Bedford and author of _Start All Over - An American Experience_.
http://www.28thvirginia.com/contents.html
28th VIRGINIA INFANTRY
CO. D
This is the original flag issued to the 28th Virginia Regiment.This flag was replaced by the Confederate Battle Flag in 1862.
"
28th Virginia Infantry
This is the flag of the 28th VA INF regiment. State flags were often used in the early days because the Confederacy had not supplied all units with Confederate Battle Flags. The history of the Virginia state flag is the Bonnie Blue flag with the star replaced by the seal of the Commonwealth. The seal, which had been adopted during the Revolution represents the goddess Liberty striking down an allegorical tyrant, his crown dashed to the earth. Both seal and flag display the Latin motto "SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS" which translates as "Ever Thus to Tyrants." The symbol which had been adopted as Virginia's response to monarchical and parliamentary tyranny in the 1770's would serve as her reply to aggression in the 1860's. In slightly modified form, the flag of 1861 still serves the Commonwealth of Virginia.
The 28th Infantry Regiment completed its organization in Lynchburg, VA in June, 1861, Its members were raised in Botetourt, Craig, Bedford, Campbell, and Roanoke counties. After fighting at First Manassas, the unit was assigned to Gen. Pickett's, Garnett's, and Hunton's Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment was active in the campaigns of the army from Williamsburg to Gettysburg except when it served with Longstreet at Suffolk. The 28th moved to North Carolina, then was on detached duty at Richmond. It fought at Cold Harbor, the Petersburg trenches, and was engaged in various conflicts around Appomattox. The regiment consisted of around 600 men in April, 1862 and reported 40 casualties at Williamsburg and 47 at Seven Pines. 12 were killed at Manassas and 52 were injured, 8 were killed and 54 wounded during the Maryland Campaign, and, of the 333 engaged at Gettysburg, half were disabled. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and 3 officers and 51 men surrendered on April (, 1865. The field officers were Colonels Robert C. Allen, Robert T. Preston, and William Watts; Lieutenant Colonels Samuel B. Paul and William L. Wingfield; and Majors Michael P. Spessard and Nathaniel C. Wilson.
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Company Motto
Duty, Fame, Love and Wealth may desert us but......
Erieland's HONOR shall be Eternal"
The 38th Battalion Virginia Light Artillery
Virginia's
Southern Sons of
Saint Barbara
1862 - 1865
A Brief History of the Battalion
The batteries that made up the 38th Battalion were the Fauquier (Co. A), Richmond Fayette (Co. B), Hampden (Co. C), and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery (Co. D). Each battery had initially different areas of operation before joining together in Dearing's Battalion. Among the early individual battle honors were First Manassas, Jackson's Valley Campaign, the Peninsula, Richmond, and 2nd Manassas.
Following reorganization as a battalion in November, 1862, the battalion saw service at Fredericksburg and began serving in George E. Pickett's division during the Suffolk Campaign. Under the incredible leadership of Major James Dearing, the battalion became a formidable arm of Lee's Long Arm. From Suffolk, the organization, now designated as the 38th Battalion, followed Pickett to Gettysburg, participating in the grand barrage before the famous charge; and into North Carolina at the Second Battle of New Bern. Later attached to Hoke's division, the battalion fought at Plymouth, Drewry's Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, Cold Harbor, and in the nine months of trench warfare at Petersburg. After participating in the offensive against Fort Stedman, the battalion was cut off from the Army of Northern Virginia near Appomattox. Though some men of the battalion surrendered with Lee, the majority of the 38th continued on to Lynchburg where they were disbanded.
The Richmond Fayette Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Organized initially as the "Richmond Light Artillery" on May 3, 1821, this company was later renamed in July, 1824 to the "Richmond Fayette Artillery" in honor of the Marquis de La Fayette's visit to the United States. Early captains included Robert Nimmo, Charles Richardson, and Henry C. Cabell, under whom the battery was organized for the war on April 25, 1861. Formerly Co. F, 1st Va. Vols., the battery had also been associated with the 1st Regt. Va. Arty as Co. I and Co. H. Early battles for the battery included the Yorktown Line and Williamsburg. Independent by the reorganization in 1862, the battery served under Capt. Cary Macon. Transferred to Major General Geroge E. Pickett's Division, the battery began to see an upgrade in activity beginning with the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862 in an undesignated battalion under the command of Major James Dearing. By the close of 1862 this battalion was assigned the title of the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery. From Gettysburg, the battlefields of North Carolina, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, the Richmond Fayette Artillery served with distinction. Finally, in the retreat from Petersburg, the battery, being in the van guard of Lee's army, escaped capture at Appomattox, only to spike their guns near Bent Creek near Lynchburg, Virginia. Either near Lynchburg or Fincastle, the battery, along with the remnants of the 38th Battalion, were disbanded.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Richmond Fayette, Hampden, Thomas, and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Available from
The Virginia Regimental Histories Series
Or Can be Obtained through:
The Fauquier Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Originally Co. G, 49th Va. Inf., the company was organized June 22, 1861, as the Markham Guards, enlisting July 1, 1861. The company was detached from the 49th in September or October, 1861 and served as Capt. Robert M. Stribling's Battery. Reorganized May 12, 1862, the battery was assigned later in the year to the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery. Following the reorganization of the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia in October, some men and equipment were assigned from Captain John R. Johnson's Bedford Artillery and Capt. Arthur L. Roger's Loudoun Artillery. Many members that transfered from the Bedford Artillery were subsequently transfered to Blount's Lynchburg Artillery (Co. D) or the Purcell Artillery later on. Captain William C. Marshall assumed command as captain following the promotion of Stribling to major on March 11, 1864.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Brooke, Fauquier, Loudoun and Alexandria Artillery
by Michael J. Andrus
Johnson's Bedford Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
The Bedford Artillery was a company that faced nothing but disappointment and missed opportunities. From the date of the unit's conversion from infantry to artillery, almost one full year elapsed before the unit finally became engaged in a full-scale battle at Second Manassas. Less than a month later, the Bedford men took a beating at Sharpsburg and suffered horrible casualties. Partially as a result of the battle and the reorganization of the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia, the battery was disbanded and reassigned in October, 1862. While a good number of men were reassigned to the Purcell Artillery, a large number were also reassigned to the Lee Lynchburg Artillery.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Charlottesville, Lee Lynchburg and Johnson's Bedford Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
A Brief History of the Battery
Originally enlisted as Capt. Henry Gray Latham's (not re-elected) Battery on April 23, 1861, this battery later came under the command of Captain James G. Dearing (later promoted to major) when reorganized on April 3, 1862. The final commanders being Captain Joseph G. Blount (promoted to major, Oct. 1864) and Captain James W. Dickerson. Some of the men from the Bedford Artillery were later transfered to this battery. The battery was later assigned to the 38th Battalion Va. Lt. Artillery by the close of 1862.
For more detailed information on this company, and the men who fought in it, I recommend
The Richmond Fayette, Hampden, Thomas, and Blount's Lynchburg Artillery
by Robert H. Moore, II
Richmond Enquirer April 29, 1864
THE BATTLE OF PLYMOUTH
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The following is a list of casualties in the 38th Battalion Virginia Artillery, in the engagement near Plymouth, N.C. 18th, 19th and 20th April 1864, Major J. P. W. Read commanding:
Field and Staff, none
Fauquier Artillery, Capt. W. C. Marshall, commanding
KILLED:
Sergeant F. W. Powell
Private Wm. H. Riley
WOUNDED:
Lt. T. M. Archer, thigh severely,
Corporal P.P. Thomas, knee and chest
Pr B. Bowery, thigh; severely
H. J. Pritchard, thigh, slightly
M. Weaver, leg broken
Richmond Fayette Artillery. Lieutenant B. H. Robinson, Commanding
KILLED
Private John Ronke
George A. Benton
WOUNDED
Privates James Barnes, foot amputated
Richard B. Dowden, back severely
Thomas Lillas, face, severely
Edwin Cocke, left arm, severely
William A. Allen, leg amputated, mortally
William H. Robinson, abdomen, slightly
W. O. Martin, shocked by explosion of caisson
A member of the 11th Virginia Regiment, writing to the Lynchburg "Republican," from Plymouth, under date of the 19th, says:
About 4 o'clock, A.M., Companies C and G were thrown out as skirmishers and moved through a deep marsh to within a hundred and fifty yards of a strong fort; this was to secure a position from which the Yankee gunners could be picked off and prevent their firing on our batteries. In executing this move, I regret to record the following casualties
Lieut. W. H. Thayer, Company H, wounded badly
______ Callahan, Company B, wounded slightly
A.J. Bateman, company C, wounded severely shoulder
Lee Brown, Company C, Wounded slightly
F. B. Tweedy, Company C, killed
W. J. Monroe, company C, wounded badly
E. A. Tweedy, Company c, wounded slightly
J. C. Hall, Company C, wounded slightly
H. Eades, Company C, wounded slightly
The following casualties occurred in Company G:
Corporal J. P. Sale, wounded, supposed mortally
Corporal W. S. Averett, wounded, supposed mortally
Private J. H. Cross, wounded, supposed mortally
W. P. Conley, Wounded slightly
W. S. Gregory, wounded slightly
C. H. Gwatkins, wounded slightly
S. T. Nowlin, wounded slightly
W. H. Woods, wounded slightly
Thirty-fifth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private J. A. Costin;
Company C
Private Neal Smith
Forty-third N. C. Regiment - Company A
Privates L. R. Grisham
L. J. Quinn; Company E
Private A. W. Simmons
Company F
Private J. H. Wood
Company H
Private W. J. Ashcraft
Company K
Private W. H. Meeks
Fifty Sixth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private K. Setton
Company B
Private W. Handy
Company D
Lieut. C. R. Wilson
Privates J. R. Miller
G. W. Montgomery
Company G
Private E. Carlton
Twenty First Georgia Regiment. - Company F
Private W. R. Philips
Company G
Private L. W. Jones
Twenty -Fourth Virginia Regiment - Company B
Private H. A. Metts
Bradford's (Mississippi) Artillery
T. L. Russell
The following named wounded soldiers from Plymouth have arrived at Goldsboro' and are now receiving medical aid at the General Hospital. All are slightly wounded and doing well:
Sixth N. C. Regiment. - Company A
Private J. E. Bordon
Company B
Privates J. E. Saunders
J. Tilly
A. Weavil
Company C
Serg't. J. E. Lyon
Private John McGee
Company E
Private R. Pittman
Company F
E. Nelson
Company H
Private F. Page
Company I
Privates John Childress
A. B. Ephraim
Company K
Privates E. P. Hyatt
John Reece
Eight N. C. Regiment, - Company I
Private A. Boggs
Twenty first N. C. regiment - Company D
Private J. C. Boyles
Company F
Private A. M. King
Company H
Privates W. W. Ashburn
John Marion
Company I
Private C. H. Boyles
Company K
Private C. Flynn
Lynchburg Artillery
Capt. J. G. Blount, commanding. --
KILLED:
None
WOUNDED:
Sergeant Thomas Ross, both legs, severely
Corporal T. W. Jeter, hip, slightly
Privates William T. Noell, head severely
James M. Whorley, face severely
George S. Merriman, hand, slightly
C. P. McCary, knee, slightly
Thomas M. Stone, arm, slightly
William S. Moore, hip, slightly
Henry T. Early, foot, slightly
W. H. Walden, leg, slightly
Thomas O. Cox, hand, slightly
H. S. Arthur, face, slightly
Recapitulation
Killed, - Officer 0, Men 4
Wounded, - Officers 1, Men 23
T. Lewis, Adjutant
"Bible Study on Character - The Refining Process"
Character:
The Refining Process
This Bible study on the refining process can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 mins) but if you read each passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what refining really means, its demands, and its rewards.
For Christmas, anniversaries or birthdays, jewelry is always a popular gift item. Gold jewelry is made from 14-karat, 18-karat, 22-karat, or 24-karat gold. What’s the difference between them?
What do you know about the metal refining process that brings about such beauty and quality?
In the dictionary, “Refine” means several things:
1. to reduce to a pure state, as with sugar, metal, or oil
2. to free from moral imperfection
3. to improve by pruning or polishing
4. to free from what is coarse, vulgar, or uncouth, as with a refined person
When the Bible speaks of “refining,” to which of these definitions does it refer?
What does the Bible say about refining?
a. Metal is refined and purified in a furnace; the Lord purifies and tests the heart. (Read Proverbs 17:3)
b. We must be refined before our offerings are acceptable to the Lord. (Read Malachi 3:2-4)
c. The Lord’s people will be tested in the furnace of affliction (or great suffering). (Read Isaiah 1:25, 4:4, 48:10 and Jeremiah 9:7)
d. The Lord examines your heart and mind. (Read Jeremiah 17:10)
e. Those who survive will be refined and tested by the Lord. (Read Zechariah 13:9)
Describe a recent situation that at the time was difficult but later you could look back at it from the point of view of refining your character.
To Do:
1. Remember, refining does not come from listening to sermons or reading the Bible. It comes from being exposed to difficult situations and enduring affliction.
2. Pray that you recognize the hand of the Refiner in difficult situations.
The Refining Process
This Bible study on the refining process can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 mins) but if you read each passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what refining really means, its demands, and its rewards.
For Christmas, anniversaries or birthdays, jewelry is always a popular gift item. Gold jewelry is made from 14-karat, 18-karat, 22-karat, or 24-karat gold. What’s the difference between them?
What do you know about the metal refining process that brings about such beauty and quality?
In the dictionary, “Refine” means several things:
1. to reduce to a pure state, as with sugar, metal, or oil
2. to free from moral imperfection
3. to improve by pruning or polishing
4. to free from what is coarse, vulgar, or uncouth, as with a refined person
When the Bible speaks of “refining,” to which of these definitions does it refer?
What does the Bible say about refining?
a. Metal is refined and purified in a furnace; the Lord purifies and tests the heart. (Read Proverbs 17:3)
b. We must be refined before our offerings are acceptable to the Lord. (Read Malachi 3:2-4)
c. The Lord’s people will be tested in the furnace of affliction (or great suffering). (Read Isaiah 1:25, 4:4, 48:10 and Jeremiah 9:7)
d. The Lord examines your heart and mind. (Read Jeremiah 17:10)
e. Those who survive will be refined and tested by the Lord. (Read Zechariah 13:9)
Describe a recent situation that at the time was difficult but later you could look back at it from the point of view of refining your character.
To Do:
1. Remember, refining does not come from listening to sermons or reading the Bible. It comes from being exposed to difficult situations and enduring affliction.
2. Pray that you recognize the hand of the Refiner in difficult situations.
"Bible Study on Character - Patience"
Bible Study on
Character - Patience
This Bible study on patience can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 min.) but if you read each question and Bible passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what patience really means, its demands, and its rewards.
What animal do you associate with patience? Why?
Do you think that patience comes naturally, i.e., you have it as a child, or is it something that is learned as you get older and more mature?
We all lose our patience from time to time. What are some situations in which you get frustrated and lose your patience? Do these situations more often involve things or people?
Does today's society and way of living encourage one to be patient?
In the dictionary, "patience" has several meanings: 1) bearing pains or trials calmly and without complaining, 2) not being hasty or impetuous, 3) being steadfast despite opposition or adversity, and 4) showing forbearance under provacation or strain. We often think of patience (or being patient) as something benign (meaning #2), but the dictionary definitions and Bible imply that pain, trials, adversity, and strain may also be involved (James 1:2-4, 1 Peter 2:20, Romans 5:3-4, 12:12). Does this give you a new slant on the concept?
In the Bible, perseverence is often mentioned in the same verse as patience (Matthew 24:13, Romans 5:3-4, Galatians 6:9, Hebrews 10:23, 10:36, James 1:2-4). Why do these two traits go hand in hand? What is the difference between them?
The Bible also frequently mentions a promise along with patience and perseverence (Psalm 37:7-9, 37:34, 40:1-3, Galatians 6:9, Hebrews 6:12, 10:36, James 5:7-8). What are these promises?
One of my personal favorite memory verses is Psalm 37:34 (New Living Translation).
Don’t be impatient for the Lord to act!
Travel steadily along his path.
He will honor you, giving you the land.
You will see the wicked destroyed.
What is the important action message for you in this verse (if there is one)?
To do:
1. Pray for greater patience in specific situations where you typically lose patience.
2. Memorize a Bible verse on patience.
Character - Patience
This Bible study on patience can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 min.) but if you read each question and Bible passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what patience really means, its demands, and its rewards.
What animal do you associate with patience? Why?
Do you think that patience comes naturally, i.e., you have it as a child, or is it something that is learned as you get older and more mature?
We all lose our patience from time to time. What are some situations in which you get frustrated and lose your patience? Do these situations more often involve things or people?
Does today's society and way of living encourage one to be patient?
In the dictionary, "patience" has several meanings: 1) bearing pains or trials calmly and without complaining, 2) not being hasty or impetuous, 3) being steadfast despite opposition or adversity, and 4) showing forbearance under provacation or strain. We often think of patience (or being patient) as something benign (meaning #2), but the dictionary definitions and Bible imply that pain, trials, adversity, and strain may also be involved (James 1:2-4, 1 Peter 2:20, Romans 5:3-4, 12:12). Does this give you a new slant on the concept?
In the Bible, perseverence is often mentioned in the same verse as patience (Matthew 24:13, Romans 5:3-4, Galatians 6:9, Hebrews 10:23, 10:36, James 1:2-4). Why do these two traits go hand in hand? What is the difference between them?
The Bible also frequently mentions a promise along with patience and perseverence (Psalm 37:7-9, 37:34, 40:1-3, Galatians 6:9, Hebrews 6:12, 10:36, James 5:7-8). What are these promises?
One of my personal favorite memory verses is Psalm 37:34 (New Living Translation).
Don’t be impatient for the Lord to act!
Travel steadily along his path.
He will honor you, giving you the land.
You will see the wicked destroyed.
What is the important action message for you in this verse (if there is one)?
To do:
1. Pray for greater patience in specific situations where you typically lose patience.
2. Memorize a Bible verse on patience.
"Bible Study on Character - Integrity"
Bible Study on
Character - Integrity
This Bible study on integrity can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 mins) but if you read each passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what integrity really means, its demands, and its rewards.
In the dictionary, the word integrity means 1) an unimpaired condition, i.e., soundness, wholeness 2) firm adherence to a code of moral values, i.e., incorruptible, honor, 3) the quality or state of being complete or undivided, i.e., completeness. Synonyms of integrity are honesty and unity.
The word integrity is related to what other words? Do they give you a better sense of the meaning of integrity?
The first definition (soundness or wholeness) is most often applied to a structure or a physical object, say the girders in a bridge, an engine block, or a piece of pottery. Can it be applied to a person as well?
Thinking just of the first definition above, what happens to something that does not have integrity?
We frequently think of a man of integrity being honest and trustworthy, but integrity is more than that. Look at the second definition and describe the difference between being trustworthy and being incorruptible.
What does the Bible have to say about integrity?
1. Integrity means treating people fairly and honestly. (Leviticus 19:35-36, Deut 25:15, Proverbs 16:11-13)
2. Integrity is giving your word and keeping it. (Exodus 8:28-32)
3. Integrity will protect you. In Psalm 25, David prays that integrity and uprightness will protect him. How can it? (Psalm 25:21, Proverbs 2:7-8, 10:9, 11:3, 13:6)
4. Integrity is more valuable than riches. (Proverbs 28:6)
5. The Lord will test and judge your integrity. (1 Chronicles 29:17, Psalm 7:8)
6. The Lord hates lies and lack of integrity. (Zechariah 8:16-17)
7. It may be difficult to maintain your integrity. (Job 2:3, 2:9, Proverbs 29:10)
8. Your character can be corrupted by bad company. (1 Corinthians 15:33)
9. Integrity will be rewarded. (1 Kings 9:4-5, Nehemiah 7:2, Psalm 41:11-12)
10. Your integrity should set an example. (Titus 2:7)
Who do you know that you would describe as a person of integrity? What sets this person apart from other people of a similar age and position?
If people who know you were asked for five words that describe you, would integrity be one of them?
Character - Integrity
This Bible study on integrity can be used by one person alone or in a small group. It is short (20 to 30 mins) but if you read each passage, reflect on it, and discuss it, you'll gain a good sense of what integrity really means, its demands, and its rewards.
In the dictionary, the word integrity means 1) an unimpaired condition, i.e., soundness, wholeness 2) firm adherence to a code of moral values, i.e., incorruptible, honor, 3) the quality or state of being complete or undivided, i.e., completeness. Synonyms of integrity are honesty and unity.
The word integrity is related to what other words? Do they give you a better sense of the meaning of integrity?
The first definition (soundness or wholeness) is most often applied to a structure or a physical object, say the girders in a bridge, an engine block, or a piece of pottery. Can it be applied to a person as well?
Thinking just of the first definition above, what happens to something that does not have integrity?
We frequently think of a man of integrity being honest and trustworthy, but integrity is more than that. Look at the second definition and describe the difference between being trustworthy and being incorruptible.
What does the Bible have to say about integrity?
1. Integrity means treating people fairly and honestly. (Leviticus 19:35-36, Deut 25:15, Proverbs 16:11-13)
2. Integrity is giving your word and keeping it. (Exodus 8:28-32)
3. Integrity will protect you. In Psalm 25, David prays that integrity and uprightness will protect him. How can it? (Psalm 25:21, Proverbs 2:7-8, 10:9, 11:3, 13:6)
4. Integrity is more valuable than riches. (Proverbs 28:6)
5. The Lord will test and judge your integrity. (1 Chronicles 29:17, Psalm 7:8)
6. The Lord hates lies and lack of integrity. (Zechariah 8:16-17)
7. It may be difficult to maintain your integrity. (Job 2:3, 2:9, Proverbs 29:10)
8. Your character can be corrupted by bad company. (1 Corinthians 15:33)
9. Integrity will be rewarded. (1 Kings 9:4-5, Nehemiah 7:2, Psalm 41:11-12)
10. Your integrity should set an example. (Titus 2:7)
Who do you know that you would describe as a person of integrity? What sets this person apart from other people of a similar age and position?
If people who know you were asked for five words that describe you, would integrity be one of them?
Tuesday, April 22, 2008
My Life Is In You Lord
My life is in You Lord
My strength is in You Lord
My hope is in You Lord
It's in You,
It's in You
My life is in You Lord
My strength is in You Lord
My hope is in You Lord
It's in You,
It's in You
I'll praise You with all of my life
I'll praise You with all of my strength
With all of my life
With all of my strength
All my hope is in You
My strength is in You Lord
My hope is in You Lord
It's in You,
It's in You
My life is in You Lord
My strength is in You Lord
My hope is in You Lord
It's in You,
It's in You
I'll praise You with all of my life
I'll praise You with all of my strength
With all of my life
With all of my strength
All my hope is in You
All Glory, Laud, And Honor
Matthew 21:9 “The crowds that went ahead of him and those that followed shouted, ‘Hosanna to the Son of David!’ ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’ ‘Hosanna in the highest!’”
Words: Theodulph of Orleans, circa 820 (Gloria, laus, et honor); translated from Latin to English by John M. Neale, 1851.
Music: “St. Theodulph,” Melchior Teschner, in Ein andächtiges Gebet (Leipzig, Germany: 1615).
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Thou art the King of Israel,
Thou David’s royal Son,
Who in the Lord’s Name comest,
The King and Blessèd One.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
The company of angels
Are praising Thee on High,
And mortal men and all things
Created make reply.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
The people of the Hebrews
With palms before Thee went;
Our prayer and praise and anthems
Before Thee we present.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
To Thee, before Thy passion,
They sang their hymns of praise;
To Thee, now high exalted,
Our melody we raise.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Thou didst accept their praises;
Accept the prayers we bring,
Who in all good delightest,
Thou good and gracious King.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Neale noted “another verse was usually sung until the seventeenth century, at the quaintness of which we can scarcely avoid a smile”:
Be Thou, O Lord, the Rider,
And we the little ass,
That to God’s holy city
Together we may pass.
Words: Theodulph of Orleans, circa 820 (Gloria, laus, et honor); translated from Latin to English by John M. Neale, 1851.
Music: “St. Theodulph,” Melchior Teschner, in Ein andächtiges Gebet (Leipzig, Germany: 1615).
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Thou art the King of Israel,
Thou David’s royal Son,
Who in the Lord’s Name comest,
The King and Blessèd One.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
The company of angels
Are praising Thee on High,
And mortal men and all things
Created make reply.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
The people of the Hebrews
With palms before Thee went;
Our prayer and praise and anthems
Before Thee we present.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
To Thee, before Thy passion,
They sang their hymns of praise;
To Thee, now high exalted,
Our melody we raise.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Thou didst accept their praises;
Accept the prayers we bring,
Who in all good delightest,
Thou good and gracious King.
All glory, laud and honor,
To Thee, Redeemer, King,
To Whom the lips of children
Made sweet hosannas ring.
Neale noted “another verse was usually sung until the seventeenth century, at the quaintness of which we can scarcely avoid a smile”:
Be Thou, O Lord, the Rider,
And we the little ass,
That to God’s holy city
Together we may pass.
Heavenly Sunlight
1 John 1:5 “This is the message which we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him is no darkness at all.”
Words: Henry J. Zelley, in Gospel Praise, by William Kirkpatrick and Henry Gilmour (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hall-Mack Co., 1899).
Music: George H. Cook.
Walking in sunlight all of my journey;
Over the mountains, through the deep vale;
Jesus has said, “I’ll never forsake thee,”
Promise divine that never can fail.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
Shadows around me, shadows above me,
Never conceal my Savior and Guide;
He is the Light, in Him is no darkness;
Ever I’m walking close to His side.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
In the bright sunlight, ever rejoicing,
Pressing my way to mansions above;
Singing His praises gladly I’m walking,
Walking in sunlight, sunlight of love.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
Words: Henry J. Zelley, in Gospel Praise, by William Kirkpatrick and Henry Gilmour (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hall-Mack Co., 1899).
Music: George H. Cook.
Walking in sunlight all of my journey;
Over the mountains, through the deep vale;
Jesus has said, “I’ll never forsake thee,”
Promise divine that never can fail.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
Shadows around me, shadows above me,
Never conceal my Savior and Guide;
He is the Light, in Him is no darkness;
Ever I’m walking close to His side.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
In the bright sunlight, ever rejoicing,
Pressing my way to mansions above;
Singing His praises gladly I’m walking,
Walking in sunlight, sunlight of love.
Heavenly sunlight, heavenly sunlight,
Flooding my soul with glory divine:
Hallelujah, I am rejoicing,
Singing His praises, Jesus is mine.
"Natural Cures" partial list to get and stay healthy
• Drink a glass of water immediately when you wake up in the morning
• Eat a large breakfast including organic fruits, rye bread, raw butter, raw milk (raw means not pasteurized or homogenized), plain yogurt (no sugar or fruit), wild smoked salmon, organic beef, organic chicken, organic lamb, tuna, sardines, eggs, tomatoes, peppers, salsa, celery, carrots (or any vegetables), limited amount of coffee with raw milk or cream and raw evaporated sugar cane juice or honey, and real tea (not in tea bags)
• Drink 8 glasses of water each day
• Walk for at least an hour nonstop each day
• Do NOT eat after 6pm
• Do a candida cleanse
• Do a colon cleanse
• Consume 100% organic, virgin, unrefined coconut oil
• Use infrared saunas
• Eat organic grapefruits all day
• Do NOT eat aspartame or ANY artificial sweeteners (including saccharin & splenda)
• Do NOT eat MSG (this is found in food even if not on the label: it may be disguised as “spices”, “artificial flavoring”, “hydrolyzed vegetable protein”, etc.)
• Take digestive enzymes
• Do NOT eat “diet” sodas or “diet” foods
• Do NOT eat at fast food or chain restaurants
• Do NOT eat High Fructose Corn Syrup
• Do NOT eat white sugar or white flour
• Eat organic apples all day
• Eat ONLY organic meat, poultry and fish (no fish farms)
• Limit your dairy products (only eat organic and raw)
• Do a liver cleanse
• Eat a big salad at the start of lunch and dinner (uses only organic vegetables; dressing should be organic olive oil and freshly squeezed lemon juice, or organic apple cider vinegar with sea salt, fresh ground pepper or garlic for taste)
• Exercise on a “re-bounder” 10 minutes a day (mini-trampoline)
• Add hot peppers to your food
• Use organic apple cider vinegar (take 2 teaspoons before each meal)
• Breathe! (oxygen burns fat; most people do not breathe enough to stimulate their metabolism and fat burning capabilities)
• Wear magnetic rings on your little fingers at night
• Get 15 colonics in 30 days
• Add muscle (muscle burns fat; adding muscle by exercising increases metabolism)
• Fast (try a 21-day “juice fast”)
• Cheat whenever you want (it’s preferable to eat the treat without guilt than to not eat it and be stressed out about it)
• Reduce or eliminate the “uncontrollable” urge to eat when you’re not hungry
• Eat a large breakfast including organic fruits, rye bread, raw butter, raw milk (raw means not pasteurized or homogenized), plain yogurt (no sugar or fruit), wild smoked salmon, organic beef, organic chicken, organic lamb, tuna, sardines, eggs, tomatoes, peppers, salsa, celery, carrots (or any vegetables), limited amount of coffee with raw milk or cream and raw evaporated sugar cane juice or honey, and real tea (not in tea bags)
• Drink 8 glasses of water each day
• Walk for at least an hour nonstop each day
• Do NOT eat after 6pm
• Do a candida cleanse
• Do a colon cleanse
• Consume 100% organic, virgin, unrefined coconut oil
• Use infrared saunas
• Eat organic grapefruits all day
• Do NOT eat aspartame or ANY artificial sweeteners (including saccharin & splenda)
• Do NOT eat MSG (this is found in food even if not on the label: it may be disguised as “spices”, “artificial flavoring”, “hydrolyzed vegetable protein”, etc.)
• Take digestive enzymes
• Do NOT eat “diet” sodas or “diet” foods
• Do NOT eat at fast food or chain restaurants
• Do NOT eat High Fructose Corn Syrup
• Do NOT eat white sugar or white flour
• Eat organic apples all day
• Eat ONLY organic meat, poultry and fish (no fish farms)
• Limit your dairy products (only eat organic and raw)
• Do a liver cleanse
• Eat a big salad at the start of lunch and dinner (uses only organic vegetables; dressing should be organic olive oil and freshly squeezed lemon juice, or organic apple cider vinegar with sea salt, fresh ground pepper or garlic for taste)
• Exercise on a “re-bounder” 10 minutes a day (mini-trampoline)
• Add hot peppers to your food
• Use organic apple cider vinegar (take 2 teaspoons before each meal)
• Breathe! (oxygen burns fat; most people do not breathe enough to stimulate their metabolism and fat burning capabilities)
• Wear magnetic rings on your little fingers at night
• Get 15 colonics in 30 days
• Add muscle (muscle burns fat; adding muscle by exercising increases metabolism)
• Fast (try a 21-day “juice fast”)
• Cheat whenever you want (it’s preferable to eat the treat without guilt than to not eat it and be stressed out about it)
• Reduce or eliminate the “uncontrollable” urge to eat when you’re not hungry
notes from Creation Seminar part 4B (session 5)
Creation Seminar: Part 4B
April 13, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 5)
Planned Parenthood was started by Margaret Sanger on October 16, 1916 in order to eliminate what she thought were “inferior races like Orientals, Jews and Blacks.”
Abortionists refer to an unborn baby as a “parasite” in a woman’s body
80% of the abortion “death camps” are in minority neighborhoods; 13% of American women are black, yet they have 35% of the abortions; over 25% of the black population has been killed by abortion since 1973
Their own documents used to admit that an abortion “kills the life of a baby after it has begun”
Proverbs 6:16-17 These six things doth the Lord hate…hands that shed innocent blood
Deuteronomy 27:35 Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person
LIE: THE APPENDIX IS A VESTIGAL ORGAN (Your appendix is part of your immune system!)
LIE: A WHALE’S PELVIS BONES ARE VESTIGAL (Those bones are needed for whales to reproduce!)
LIE: HUMANS HAVE A VESTIGAL TAILBONE [COCCYX] (This is not true – there are 9 little muscles that attach to the tailbone that have very important functions)
Quote by Sir Arthur Keith (an evolutionist): “Evolution is unproved and un-provable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.” They don’t want to believe in creation – they’d rather believe a lie instead of the truth
Psalm 94:8-9 …he that formed the eye, shall he not see? (God formed the eye – it is incredibly complicated). It you have something has design to it (like an eyeball), there has to be a designer!
Romans 1:20-22 the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen…they are without excuse
Satan knows that real study of God’s creation (Science) will draw men to God. Psalm 8:3-4 “When I consider thy heavens...What is man, that thou art mindful of him?”
Evolutionists use the adaptation in textbooks instead of calling something a design feature. If there’s a design, there has to be a designer!
You do not have to see the Creator to know that he exists!
April 13, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 5)
Planned Parenthood was started by Margaret Sanger on October 16, 1916 in order to eliminate what she thought were “inferior races like Orientals, Jews and Blacks.”
Abortionists refer to an unborn baby as a “parasite” in a woman’s body
80% of the abortion “death camps” are in minority neighborhoods; 13% of American women are black, yet they have 35% of the abortions; over 25% of the black population has been killed by abortion since 1973
Their own documents used to admit that an abortion “kills the life of a baby after it has begun”
Proverbs 6:16-17 These six things doth the Lord hate…hands that shed innocent blood
Deuteronomy 27:35 Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person
LIE: THE APPENDIX IS A VESTIGAL ORGAN (Your appendix is part of your immune system!)
LIE: A WHALE’S PELVIS BONES ARE VESTIGAL (Those bones are needed for whales to reproduce!)
LIE: HUMANS HAVE A VESTIGAL TAILBONE [COCCYX] (This is not true – there are 9 little muscles that attach to the tailbone that have very important functions)
Quote by Sir Arthur Keith (an evolutionist): “Evolution is unproved and un-provable. We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.” They don’t want to believe in creation – they’d rather believe a lie instead of the truth
Psalm 94:8-9 …he that formed the eye, shall he not see? (God formed the eye – it is incredibly complicated). It you have something has design to it (like an eyeball), there has to be a designer!
Romans 1:20-22 the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen…they are without excuse
Satan knows that real study of God’s creation (Science) will draw men to God. Psalm 8:3-4 “When I consider thy heavens...What is man, that thou art mindful of him?”
Evolutionists use the adaptation in textbooks instead of calling something a design feature. If there’s a design, there has to be a designer!
You do not have to see the Creator to know that he exists!
notes from Creation Seminar part 4B (session 4)
Creation Seminar: Part 4B
April 6, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 4)
There’s no evidence of evolution from fossils (if you find a bone in the dirt, all you know is that it died – there’s no way to tell if it any offspring, let alone different offspring from itself!)
Evolution is based on 2 faulty assumptions: [1] mutations make something new, and [2] natural selection makes it survive and take over the population
Evolution is actually a religion of death
Question to think about: [1] Did man bring death into the world (through Adam’s sin), or did death bring man into the world (as evolution teaches)?
Yes, mutations happens, which may produce different variations; mutations DO NOT produce any kind of evolution – they rearrange existing information, but do not increase genetic complexity. It is not NEW information, it is SCRABBLED information! Textbooks will give you an example of a HARMFUL mutation and hope that you will then believe that BENEFICIAL mutations occur…they do NOT!
LIE: NATURAL SELECTION CAUSES EVOLUTION
Natural selection CAN NOT create any properties, it can only SELECT! Natural selection is simply a “quality control”, not a “design engineer. “Survival of the fittest” does not explain the arrival of the fittest!
LIE: THE PEPPERED MOTHS IN ENGLAND ARE EXAMPLES OF SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST AND EVOLUTION
Textbooks do NOT want to think critically. They ask questions that have built in assumptions: “Do you think that humans are still evolving?” This is assuming that humans have evolved! How is a Christian student supposed to answer this question for his/her homework??
LIE: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES PROVE EVOLUTION
LIE: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY PROVES EVOLUTION
The above 2 lies do NOT prove evolution – they prove that there was a common DESIGNER
LIE: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPMENT PROVES EVOLUTION. This comes from the “biogenetic law” chart that was made up by Earnst Haeckel.
Textbooks lie and tell students that the human embryo develops “gill slits” like a fish! Those supposed “gill slits” or “gill pouches” grow into bones in the ear and glands in the throat. They never have anything to do with breathing!
The theory of evolution created Nazism! They thought “If evolution is true, I wonder which race has developed the farthest?” So, of course they thought that the Germans did!
In 1875, Haeckel’s drawings were proven wrong – but his chart is STILL being taught in high school and college classes!
If want to score high on the SAT and ACT to get into college, you will have to answer questions about evolution and lie about what the real answers are.
Can you believe that a textbooks states that a human fetus is NOT a normal baby (not human, essentially) at 7 months old?! A BABY IS HUMAN AT CONCEPTION
34% of babies born at 5 ½ months survive
Genesis 16:11 (does this verse say “fetus” or “child”?)
Our society keeps this lie in the textbooks because it is the only way to “scientifically” justify abortion! They want you to think that it is not human yet.
20% of the world’s population has been killed by abortion
Peter Singer, a professor at Princeton, favors killings babies up to 28 days old
The purpose of the 2nd amendment is not so we can go duck hunting – it is so we can protect ourselves from our own government if need be!
1 John 1:9
April 6, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 4)
There’s no evidence of evolution from fossils (if you find a bone in the dirt, all you know is that it died – there’s no way to tell if it any offspring, let alone different offspring from itself!)
Evolution is based on 2 faulty assumptions: [1] mutations make something new, and [2] natural selection makes it survive and take over the population
Evolution is actually a religion of death
Question to think about: [1] Did man bring death into the world (through Adam’s sin), or did death bring man into the world (as evolution teaches)?
Yes, mutations happens, which may produce different variations; mutations DO NOT produce any kind of evolution – they rearrange existing information, but do not increase genetic complexity. It is not NEW information, it is SCRABBLED information! Textbooks will give you an example of a HARMFUL mutation and hope that you will then believe that BENEFICIAL mutations occur…they do NOT!
LIE: NATURAL SELECTION CAUSES EVOLUTION
Natural selection CAN NOT create any properties, it can only SELECT! Natural selection is simply a “quality control”, not a “design engineer. “Survival of the fittest” does not explain the arrival of the fittest!
LIE: THE PEPPERED MOTHS IN ENGLAND ARE EXAMPLES OF SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST AND EVOLUTION
Textbooks do NOT want to think critically. They ask questions that have built in assumptions: “Do you think that humans are still evolving?” This is assuming that humans have evolved! How is a Christian student supposed to answer this question for his/her homework??
LIE: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES PROVE EVOLUTION
LIE: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY PROVES EVOLUTION
The above 2 lies do NOT prove evolution – they prove that there was a common DESIGNER
LIE: EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPMENT PROVES EVOLUTION. This comes from the “biogenetic law” chart that was made up by Earnst Haeckel.
Textbooks lie and tell students that the human embryo develops “gill slits” like a fish! Those supposed “gill slits” or “gill pouches” grow into bones in the ear and glands in the throat. They never have anything to do with breathing!
The theory of evolution created Nazism! They thought “If evolution is true, I wonder which race has developed the farthest?” So, of course they thought that the Germans did!
In 1875, Haeckel’s drawings were proven wrong – but his chart is STILL being taught in high school and college classes!
If want to score high on the SAT and ACT to get into college, you will have to answer questions about evolution and lie about what the real answers are.
Can you believe that a textbooks states that a human fetus is NOT a normal baby (not human, essentially) at 7 months old?! A BABY IS HUMAN AT CONCEPTION
34% of babies born at 5 ½ months survive
Genesis 16:11 (does this verse say “fetus” or “child”?)
Our society keeps this lie in the textbooks because it is the only way to “scientifically” justify abortion! They want you to think that it is not human yet.
20% of the world’s population has been killed by abortion
Peter Singer, a professor at Princeton, favors killings babies up to 28 days old
The purpose of the 2nd amendment is not so we can go duck hunting – it is so we can protect ourselves from our own government if need be!
1 John 1:9
notes from Creation Seminar part 4A (session 3)
Creation Seminar: Part 4A
March 30, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 3)
Charles Darwin – did you know that he graduated from bible college to be a preacher? He then went on a 5-year voyage and took with him 2 books: the Bible and Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology. Lyell’s book changed Darwin’s life forever! He slowly lost his faith in the Bible.
“Micro-evolution” is not really part of the evolution theory – it is simply variation.
See Genesis 1 – “they bring forth after their kind.
Is evolution “change over time?” Or is it “living things have changed over time?” Or is it “a change in species over time?” This last one is the closest – species can change characteristics within their already predetermined genetic makeup (as designed by the original kinds created by God).
Science books will give you examples of micro-evolution and think that that proves that the other 5 definitions of evolution happen – none of those have even been proven or observed.
“Macro-evolution” is not just micro-evolution over a long period of time. This was agreed upon at a science conference in Chicago in 1980.
Variations happen, but 1) they have limits; 2) they produce the same kind of animal or plant; 3) the information for variation was already present – no new information is added; 4) the gene pool of the new variety is more limited than before and less able to adapt to future changes; 5) genetic information was lost, not added; 6) real evolution would require an increase in genetic complexity, not just a shift in gene frequency.
1795: Hutton’s book, Theory of the Earth made people doubt the earth was around 6,000 years old.
1830: Lyell’s book, Principles of Geology made people doubt the flood (Noah’s Flood).
1859: Darwin’s book, The Origin of Species… made people doubt the Creator.
Over the next years and decades, these lies led to the rise of Communism, Marxism, Socialism, Nazism, etc.
1 Timothy 6:20 – “O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called.”
Many people have lost their faith in God because of evolution being taught. Karl Marx “wrote a beautiful paper telling of his love for the Lord. Then he went off to college, studied philosophy, and turned his back on God.” Joseph Stalin grew up going to a Christian school before reading Darwin and becoming an atheist. (Also: Andrew Carnegie).
75% of all children raised in Christian homes who attend public schools will reject the Christian faith by their first year of college. (Check out video Let My Children Go through www.jeremiahfilms.com)
March 30, 2008
Lies in the Textbooks (Part 3)
Charles Darwin – did you know that he graduated from bible college to be a preacher? He then went on a 5-year voyage and took with him 2 books: the Bible and Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology. Lyell’s book changed Darwin’s life forever! He slowly lost his faith in the Bible.
“Micro-evolution” is not really part of the evolution theory – it is simply variation.
See Genesis 1 – “they bring forth after their kind.
Is evolution “change over time?” Or is it “living things have changed over time?” Or is it “a change in species over time?” This last one is the closest – species can change characteristics within their already predetermined genetic makeup (as designed by the original kinds created by God).
Science books will give you examples of micro-evolution and think that that proves that the other 5 definitions of evolution happen – none of those have even been proven or observed.
“Macro-evolution” is not just micro-evolution over a long period of time. This was agreed upon at a science conference in Chicago in 1980.
Variations happen, but 1) they have limits; 2) they produce the same kind of animal or plant; 3) the information for variation was already present – no new information is added; 4) the gene pool of the new variety is more limited than before and less able to adapt to future changes; 5) genetic information was lost, not added; 6) real evolution would require an increase in genetic complexity, not just a shift in gene frequency.
1795: Hutton’s book, Theory of the Earth made people doubt the earth was around 6,000 years old.
1830: Lyell’s book, Principles of Geology made people doubt the flood (Noah’s Flood).
1859: Darwin’s book, The Origin of Species… made people doubt the Creator.
Over the next years and decades, these lies led to the rise of Communism, Marxism, Socialism, Nazism, etc.
1 Timothy 6:20 – “O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called.”
Many people have lost their faith in God because of evolution being taught. Karl Marx “wrote a beautiful paper telling of his love for the Lord. Then he went off to college, studied philosophy, and turned his back on God.” Joseph Stalin grew up going to a Christian school before reading Darwin and becoming an atheist. (Also: Andrew Carnegie).
75% of all children raised in Christian homes who attend public schools will reject the Christian faith by their first year of college. (Check out video Let My Children Go through www.jeremiahfilms.com)
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